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biology factual recall questions > Energy Transfers in and between organisms > Flashcards

Energy Transfers in and between organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name two purposes of light in the light-dependent reaction

A

Excites electrons in chlorophyll, leading to photoionisation. Cyclic photophosphorylation.
Photolysis of water

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2
Q

By what process does chlorophyll absorb light

A

Photoionization

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3
Q

Where are the electron carriers located

A

Thylakoid membranes

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4
Q

Write the equation for the photolysis of water

A

2H2O->4H++4e-+O2

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5
Q

What is the enzyme embedded in the chloroplast membranes

A

ATP synthase

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6
Q

What is produced in the light dependent reaction and subsequently used in the light independent one

A

Reduced NADP, ATP

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7
Q

What does CO2 react with and what does it form in the first stage of the light independent reaction

A

Reacts with RuBP to form 2xGP

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8
Q

What enzyme catalyses the light dependent reaction

A

Rubisco

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9
Q

What reduces GP to triose phosphate

A

Reduced NADP

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10
Q

What two things does triose phosphate go to

A

Reforms RuBP

Creates organic substances

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11
Q

List three environmental factors that may limit the rate of photosynthesis

A

Temperature
Light intensity
CO2 concentration

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12
Q

What is produced by respiration

A

ATP

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13
Q

What is the purpose of phosphorylating a molecule

A

Make it more reactive

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14
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

Why is this the case

A

Cytoplasm. Glucose is too large to enter the mitochondria

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15
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

Anaerobic

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16
Q

What is glucose phosphorylated to

A

Glucose phosphate (Then triose phosphate)

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17
Q

By what process does triose phosphate turn into pyruvate

A

Oxidation

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18
Q

How many molecules of pyruvate are gained from one glucose molecule

A

2

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19
Q

In anaerobic respiration, what can pyruvate be converted to

A

Lactate or ethanol

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20
Q

By what process is pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix

A

Active transport

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21
Q

When pyruvate is oxidised to acetate what is produced

A

Reduced NAD, CO2

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22
Q

In the link reaction, what combines with acetate

A

Coenzyme A

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23
Q

What does acetylcoenzyme A react with to produce a 6 carbon molecule

A

4 carbon compound

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24
Q

What is produced in the Krebs cycle

A

2 CO2, 1 reduced FAD, 3 reduced NAD, 1 ATP

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25
Q

Outline chemiosmotic theory

A

Hydrogen atoms released by reduced NAD/FAD, split up into protons and electrons. Electrons move down transport chain, transporting protons into intermembranal space of mitochondria. protons diffuse down electrochemical gradient, driving the enzyme ATP synthase to produce ATP

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26
Q

What other respiratory substrates can enter the Krebs cycle

A

Proteins/ Lipids

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27
Q

What do plants use to synthesise organic compounds

A

Energy from sunlight

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28
Q

what is the main use of sugars produced by plants

A

Respiration

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29
Q

How can biomass be measured

A

Dry mass of carbon or dry mass of tissue per unit area per unit time

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30
Q

What is Gross Primary production

A

Total amount of chemical energy converted from light energy by plants

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31
Q

What is Net primary production

A

Net primary production is gross primary productivity with respiratory losses taken into account so NPP=GPP-R

32
Q

Give an equation linking gross productivity, net productivity and respiratory losses for producers

A

NPP=GPP-R

33
Q

Give an equation for net productivity in consumers involving chemical energy stored in ingested food (I), chemical energy lost to the environment in faeces and urine (F) and respiratory losses to the environment (R)

A

N=I-(F+R)

34
Q

What effect does shortening a food web have

A

Increases the efficiency

35
Q

Give three examples of ways to increase the efficiency of a food web in the raising of pigs on a farm

A

Restrict movement
Keep them in heated conditions
Give them easier to digest food
Give them antibiotics

36
Q

Give two samples of how nutrients are recycled within ecosystems

A

Nitrogen cycle

Phosphorous cycle

37
Q

What bacteria are involved in decomposition

A

Saprobionts

38
Q

How do these bacteria (saprobionts) help decompose dead organisms

A

Secrete enzymes

39
Q

What substances can mycorrhizae help with the uptake of

A

Water and inorganic ions

40
Q

What is used in ammonifaction to make ammonia

A

Dead organisms / faecal matter

41
Q

Give the two stages of nitrification

A

Ammonia / Ammonium ions to nitrites

Nitrites to nitrates

42
Q

Give the two locations at which nitrogen fixing bacteria are found

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules

Nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil

43
Q

What conditions are required by denitrifying bacteria and when do these conditions occur

A

Anaerobic - waterlogged soil

44
Q

What do denitrifying bacteria do

A

Nitrates in the soil are converted to atmospheric nitrogen

45
Q

What is guano

A

Seagull excrement rich in phosphates

46
Q

Where is the main reservoir of phosphorous

A

Rocks

47
Q

What natural process helps phosphate ions become dissolved and available for absorption by plants

A

Weathering

48
Q

What are two advantages of natural fertilisers

A

Slower release

Cheaper

49
Q

What are two advantages of artificial fertilisers

A

Exact composition of minerals/ions required by crops

Easier to store

50
Q

What is leaching

A

When fertiliser in the soil is washed into nearby water sources such as sea / lakes/rivers

51
Q

What is eutrophication and why is it a problem

A

When algae grows on the surface of water bodies and prevents light reaching plants below. They die and bacteria decompose them, using up the water bodies oxygen supply. This removes oxygen from the water, causing death of marine life

52
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

A series of small reactions controlled by enzymes (eg respiration or photosynthesis)

53
Q

What is phosphorylation and give an example

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule

ADP is phosphorylation to ATP

54
Q

What is photophosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light

55
Q

What is photolysis

A

The splitting of a molecule using light energy

56
Q

What is Photoionisation

A

When light energy excites electrons in an atom or molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released
The release of electrons causes the atom or molecule to become a positively charged ion

57
Q

What is Hydrolysis

A

The splitting of a molecule using water

58
Q

What is Decarboxylation

A

The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule

59
Q

What is dehydrogenation

A

Re removal of hydrogen from a molecule

60
Q

What are redox reactions

A

Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction

61
Q

Explain redox reactions

A

OILRIG - oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

If something is reduced it has gained electrons and may have gained hydrogen or lost Oxygen
If something is oxidised it has lost electrons and may have lost hydrogen and gained oxygen
Oxidation of one molecule ALWAYS involves reduction of another molecule

62
Q

Define coenzyme

A

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme

63
Q

Name the coenzyme used in photosynthesis

A

NADP

64
Q

Name coenzymes used in respiration

A

NAD,
coenzyme A
FAD

65
Q

What do NAD and FAD do

A

They transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another - this means that they can reduce or oxidise a molecule

66
Q

What does Coenzyme A do

A

Transfers acetate between molecules

67
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

In the stoma of the chloroplasts

68
Q

What is the first stage of the Calvin cycle/ light independent reaction

A

carbon dioxide enters leaf from stomata and diffuses into the storm a of the chloroplast.
It combines with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) a 5 carbon compound. The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme rubisco.
This gives an unstable 6 carbon compound which breaks down to form two molecules of glycerate 3 phosphate. (GP)

69
Q

What happens in the second stage of the light independent reaction

A

ATP and reduced NADP are required for the reduction of GP to triose phosphate
The hydrolysis of ATP provides energy to turn the 3 carbon compound GP,. Into a different 3 carbon compound Triose phosphate
This also required H+ ions which domes from reduced NADP
Reduced NADP is recycled to NADP
Some triose Phosphate is then converted into useful organic compounds such as glucose and some continues in the Calvin cycle to regenerate RuBP

70
Q

What happens in the 3rd stage of the light independent reaction

A

Ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated
Five out of every six molecules of TP produced in the cycle are used to regenerate RuBP
Regenerating RuBP also uses the rest of the ATP produced by the light dependent reaction

71
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to turn to make one Hexose sugar

A

6

72
Q

What are the optimum conditions for photosynthesis

A

High light intensity of a certain wavelength
Temperature around 25 degrees c
Carbon dioxide at 0.4%

73
Q

Why is 25 degrees c the optimum temperature for photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis involves enzymes (ATP synthase, rubisco). If the temperature falls below 10 degrees C the enzymes become inactive. If it goes more than 45 degrees C they may start to denature

74
Q

On a warm sunny windless day what is the limiting factor for photosynthesis

A

CO2

75
Q

at night what is the limiting factor for photosynthesis

A

Light intensity

76
Q

What is the saturation point

A

The point where a factor is no longer limiting the reaction

77
Q

How can farmers use greenhouses/poly tunnels to increase plant growth

A

Lamps to provide nighttime light
Burning a small amount of propane in a CO2 generator to increase CO2 levels
Glasshouses trap heat energy from the sun warms the air
Heaters can warm the air

biology factual recall questions (9 decks)

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