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organisms and populations Flashcards

1
Q

4 levels of ecological organisation

A

organism population community biome

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2
Q

niche is a

A

range of conditions in which an organism can live, use resources and perform a distinct functional role

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3
Q

which is the most ecologically important abiotic factors

A

temperature and water

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4
Q

significance of temperature on the organisms

A

has an affect on metabolic and physiological activity; enzymes and kinetics

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5
Q

____ can tolerate narrow range of temp

A

stenothermal eg: snake

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6
Q

_____ can tolerate high range of temp

A

eurythermal eg: human

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7
Q

life on earth is unsustainable without ____

A

water

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8
Q

for aquatic organisms, _____ of water is important

A

quality: pH, chemical composition, salt content

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9
Q

inland water salinity

A

less than 5 ppt

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10
Q

seawater salinity

A

30-35 ppt

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11
Q

hypersaline lagoon

A

more than 100 ppt

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12
Q

freshwater fishes cannot live long in sea because

A

osmotic problems they would face

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13
Q

light is important for

A

photosynthesis, photoperiod

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14
Q

algae which lives in deep ocean

A

red algae

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15
Q

light importance for animals

A

diurnal rhythms, duration and cues for migratory activities

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16
Q

____ quality of sunlight is important

A

spectral quality

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17
Q

soil characteristics

A

pH, particle size, composition

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18
Q

_____ determines the type of benthic organism that can thrive in deep sea

A

sediment characteristic

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19
Q

____ can maintain body temperature and osmotic balance

A

regulators

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20
Q

the process of maintaining the internal balance is called

A

homeostasis

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21
Q

the success of mammals is because of the ability to

A

regulate and maintain constant body temperature

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22
Q

normal body temperature is

A

37

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23
Q

cold response:

A

shiver

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24
Q

heat response

A

sweat

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25
Q

99% of animals and all plants are _____

A

conformers

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26
Q

thermoregulation is energetically ______

A

expensive

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27
Q

why are shrews/ small animals not found in polar regions

A

heat loss or gain is a function of surface area. small animals have large body volume and small surface area and therefore heat is quickly lost and have to expend much energy to generate heat

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28
Q

partial regulation involves

A

migration and suspension

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29
Q

Siberian crane move from

A

Siberia to keolado national park in bharatpur Rajasthan to escape harsh winter

30
Q

suspension in bacteria, fungi and lower plants

A

spore formation

31
Q

zooplankton suspend by

A

diapause

32
Q

seeds suspend germination by

A

dormancy

33
Q

winter sleep

A

hibernation

34
Q

summer sleep

A

aestivation

35
Q

____ is any attribute of an organism that allows it to thrive in an area

A

adaptation

36
Q

kangaroo rat is found in

A

north american desert

37
Q

kangaroo rat adaptation:

A

fat oxidation for water, uric acid excretion

38
Q

xerophyte adaptation

A

thick cuticle, leaf modified into spine, scotopic stomata, advanced root system, phyllode

39
Q

allen’s rule

A

polar animals have short ears and legs, blubber for fat insolation

40
Q

in high altitude, body compensates for low oxygen by

A

increasing RBC production, breathing rate and decreasing the binding affinity of hemoglobin

41
Q

archaebacteria adaptation

A

thermostable enzymes

42
Q

desert lizard adaptation

A

behavioural, bask in sun for heat and move to shade for cool

43
Q

population attributes

A

size, age ratio, sex ratio

44
Q

population is a group of organisms __

A

live together, use same resources and potentially interbreed

45
Q

factors affecting population density

A

natality, mortality, immigration, emigration

46
Q

population density equation

A

N(t+1) = N(t) + (B+I) - (D+E)

47
Q

exponential growth occurs when

A

resources are unlimited and population recognizes its innate ability to increase in size- darwin

48
Q

exponential growth equation

A

dN/dt = rN

49
Q

intrinsic rate of natural increase is r =

A

r = b-d (natality - mortality)

50
Q

norway rat intrinsic rate is

A

0.015

51
Q

flour beetle intrinsic rate is

A

0.12

52
Q

1981 indian population intrinsic rate is

A

0.0205

53
Q

logistic growth equation

A

dn/dt = rN (K-N/K)

54
Q

conduit for energy flow

A

predation

55
Q

reproduce once in life

A

bamboo, salmon

56
Q

reproduce many times

A

mammals

57
Q

large number of small sized offspring

A

oyster, pelagic fish

58
Q

____ in Australia introduced in 1920s spread across millions of hectares of rangeland, controlled by ___

A

prickly pear cactus, natural predator moth

59
Q

in north american pacific coast, starfish pisaster removed ____

A

killed 100 species of invertebrates due to competition

60
Q

example of predation

A

cactus, pisaster

61
Q

calotropis protection by

A

cardiac glycosides

62
Q

____- % of all insects are ___

A

25% phytophagous

63
Q

competition examples

A

flamingo and resident fish, abingdon tortoise and goat, balanus and chathalamus

64
Q

competitive exclusion by

A

gause

65
Q

connell’s field experiment

A

balanus and chathalamus; competitive release

66
Q

mc arthur warbler

A

resource partitioning

66
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67
Q
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