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breathing and exchange of gases Flashcards

1
Q

respiration by gills is called

A

branchial

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2
Q

respiration by skin is called

A

cutaneous

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3
Q

pharynx is lined by

A

stratified non-keratinised epithelium

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4
Q

trachea extends up to the ___ where it divides into primary bronchi

A

5th thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

incomplete rings extend from _____ to _____ and are ___ in number

A

trachea to the initial bronchioles; 16-20

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6
Q

alveoli are lined by

A

squamous epithelium

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7
Q

pleura is a ____ layered membrane and is filled with ______

A

double: pleural fluid

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8
Q

pleura always has a _____ pressure, at inspiration it is ___ and expiration ___

A

negative; -6; -4

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9
Q

conducting part of respiratory system is from ____ to ____

A

external nostrils to terminal bronchioles

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10
Q

conducting part helps in

A

removing foreign particles, purify air, humidify air, bring it to body temp

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11
Q

thoracic chamber is bounded ventrally by ___, dorsally by ___, laterally by ___, and on the lower end is ____

A

sternum: vertebral column, ribs, diaphragm

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12
Q

during inspiration _____ of diaphragm and ______

A

contraction; external intercostal muscles

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13
Q

contraction of diaphragm increases the volume in the _____

A

antero-posterior axis

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14
Q

contraction of external intercostals increases volume in the ___

A

dorso-ventral axis

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15
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is _____ than atmospheric pressure during inspiration

A

lesser

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16
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is _____ than atmospheric pressure during expiration

A

greater

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17
Q

forced breathing is regulated by ____

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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18
Q

normal breathing rate is

A

12-16 times per minute

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19
Q

total volume of air a person can breathe in normal respiration is called ____ and value is

A

tidal volume; 500 ml

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20
Q

ADDITIONAL volume of air a person can inspire due to forced inspiration is ___ and value is

A

inspiratory reserve volume: 2500-3000 ml

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21
Q

ADDITIONAL volume of air a person can expire due to forced expiration is __ and value is

A

expiratory reserve volume; 1000-1100 ml

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22
Q

the volume of air which is left in the lungs after forced expiration is ___ and value is

A

residual volume; 1100-1200 ml

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23
Q

the total volume of air a person can breathe in after a normal expiration is ___

A

inspiratory capacity = TV + IRV

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24
Q

The total volume a person can breathe out after normal inspiration is __

A

expiratory capacity = TV + ERV

25
Q

The total volume of air which is left inside the lungs after a normal expiration is ____

A

functional residual volume = RV + ERV

26
Q

The total volume of air which can be breathed in after a forced expiration or breathed out after a forced inspiration is called ___

A

vital capacity = TV + ERV + IRV

27
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be accommodated in the lungs after a forced inspiration is ___

A

total lung capacity = TV + ERV + IRV + RV

28
Q

TLC =

A

VC + RV

29
Q

The solubility of co2 is _____ than o2

A

20-25 times higher

30
Q

the diffusion membrane for gases between alveoli and blood is ___

A

squamous epithelium of alveoli + basement substance + endothelium of blood vessel

31
Q

the diffusion boundary is less than ____

A

a millimeter

32
Q

pO2 in alveoli is ____

A

104 mmHg

33
Q

po2 in artery is ___

A

95 mmhg

34
Q

po2 in atmosphere is __

A

159 mmhg

35
Q

pco2 in atmosphere is

A

0.3 mmhg

36
Q

o2 is carried ____ in rbc and ___ in plasma

A

97% in rbc and 3% in plasma

37
Q

co2 is carried ___ in rbc ____ in plasma ____ as bicarbonate

A

20-25% in rbc, 7% in plasma and 70% as bicarbonates

38
Q

co2 is carried in rbc as ____

A

carbaminohaemoglobin

39
Q

oxygen is carried in rbc as ____

A

oxyhaemoglobin

40
Q

when po2 increases, dissociation curve shifts towards ____

A

left (higher percentage saturation)

41
Q

50% saturation is obtained at ___

A

25 mmHg

42
Q

every 100 ml of blood carries ____ of o2 and ____ of co2 and _____ of haemoglobin

A

5 ml; 4 ml; 12-16g/20ml

43
Q

co2 + h2o + carbonic anhydrase =

A

hco3- and h+ (formed at tissues)

44
Q

carbonic anhydrase is controlled by ___

A

Zn2+

45
Q

medulla oblongata has the ____

A

respiratory rhythm center

46
Q

respiratory rhythm center controls ____ and decreases the _____

A

rate of respiration; decreases duration of inspiration

47
Q

pneumotaxic center is in ____

A

pons

48
Q

pneumotaxic center controls the switch on and off of _____

A

respiratory rhythm center

49
Q

chemosensitive area detects ____ in ____ blood

A

excess co2 and hco3- in arterial blood

50
Q

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles cause

A

asthma

51
Q

damage to alevoli causes

A

emphysema

52
Q

emphysema is caused by

A

cigarette smoking

53
Q

inflammation of nasal mucus membrane causes

A

rhinitis

54
Q

workers in grinding industry suffer ___

A

lung fibrosis

55
Q

cotton industry causes __

A

byssinosis (brown lung)

56
Q

coal industry causes ___

A

anthracnosis (black lung)

57
Q

surfactant on lungs which prevent collapse is ____ and it is secreted by ____

A

lecithin; alveoli

58
Q

COPD (chronic obstructive pathway disorder) includes

A

bronchitis, emphysema, asthma

59
Q

collapse of lung is called

A

atelectasis

neet (15 decks)

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