Organisms And Population Flashcards
______ is the subject which deals with interactions among organisms or btw an organism and its physical ( abiotic ) environmrnt .
Ecology
Ecology is mainly considered with __ levels of BIOLOGICAL ORGAISATIONS . Name -
4 Organisms Population Communities Biomes
Ecology at ___level is essentially physiological ecology which tries to understand how diff organisms are adapted to their environments in terms of not survival but also reproduction on .
Organismic level
__and ____account for the formation of major BIOMES .
Annual Variation in intensity and TEMPERATURE resulting in seasons
Annual variation in precipitation ( rain and snow )
Name 3 major biomes .
Desert
Rainforest
Tundra
Major biomes of India -
Tropical rain forests
Deciduous forest
Desert
Sea coast
Regional and LOCAL variations within in each boneless to the formation of _____ .
Wide variety of HABITATS
Name a few extreme and harsh habitats -
Scorching Rajasthan desert Rain-soaked Meghalaya forest Deep ocean trenches Torrential streams Permafrost ( snow laden) polar regions High mountain tops Thermal springs Stinking compost pits
The key element that lead to so much variation in physical and chemical conditions of diff habitats ?
Temp
Water
Light
Soil
The BIOTIC components that characterise the habitats of an organism -
Pathogens
Parasites
Predators
Competitors
What all together comprises the NICHE -
Orgnism’s : DEFINED RANGE OF CONDITIONS it can tolerate
DIVERSITY IN RESOURCES it can utilise
DISTINCT FUNCTIONAL ROLE in the ecological system
____ is the most important ECOLOGICALLY RELEVANT environmental factor -
Temperature
The temp ___ progressives from plains to mountain tops .
Dec
Mango trees cannot grow in ____ contrives like ___and____ .
Temperate
Germany
Canada
__are not found in Kerala .
Snow leopards
TUNA fish is rarely caught BEYOND ______ .
Tropical latitudes in the ocean
Significance of temp can be appreciated when we realize that it affects the ____of enzymes and through it ___ and _____ of the organism .
Kinetics
Metabolic activity
Other physiological functions
The organisms that can tolerate and thrive in a wide range of temp -
Eurythermal
Vast majority of organisms are ____ .( wrt to temp )
Stenothermal
The levels of THERMAL TOLERANCE of diff species determine to a large extent their ______ .
Geographical distribution
_____is another ( 2nd imp ) factor influencing the life of organisms .
Water
Life on earth originated in __and is ____without it .
Water
Unsustainable
The ___and ____ of PLANTS is also heavily dependent on water .
Productivity
Distribution
For aquatic organisms , the ____ of water becomes important .
QUALITY ( chemical composition , pH )
The salt conc ( salinity) is _____ in INLAND WATERS .
Less than < 5 ( parts per thousand )
The salinity in parts per thousand in the SEA is -
30 -35
Salinity in parts per thousand in HYPERSALINE LAGOONS is -
> ( more than 100 )
Many ___ animals cannot live in the sea for long becoz of osmotic problems .
Freshwater
Many species of ______ plants growing in forests are adapted to photosynthesise optimally under very LOW LIGHT conditions . Why ?
Small plants -herbs and shrubs
Becoz they are constantly overshadowed by tall , canopies trees
For many animals , light is imp in that they use the ___ and __varaition in light intensity and duration ( photoperiods ) as cues for timing their ____, ___and _____activities .
Foraging
Reproductive
Migratory
The availability of light on land is closely linked with that of ____ .
Temp
Deep , _____ m in the oceans , the inhabitants are not aware of the celestial source of energy called SUN .
> 500m
The __component of spectrum is harmful to many organisms .
UV
Not all the ____ components are available for MARINE plants livin at depths .
Colour components of visible spectrum
The ____and____of soil in diff places vary.
Nature
Properties
Nature and properties are dependent on ___ , ____ ,____ and ____ .
Climate
Weathering process
whether soil is transported or sedimentary
How soil development occured
Percolation means -
Water holding capacity of soil
Various chars such as ____ , ____ and ____ determine percolation and water holding capacity of soi .
Soil composition
Grain size
Aggregation
Chars which determine to a large extent the vegetation in any area -
Soil related -
Soil compostion ,grain size and aggregation
+
PH , mineral composition and TOPOGRAPHY
In aquatic environment , the _____ often determine the type of __aimal that can thrive there .
Sediment -characteristic
BENTHIC animals
__is revered to as the FATHER OF ECOLOGY in INDIA .
Ramdeo misra
Due to the efforts of RAMDEO MISRA , ___ was established .
Ministry of environment and forests
The constant internal environment could be in terms of -
Optimal temp
Osmotic conc of body fluids
During the course of evolution , some organisms have developed constancy in their internal environment called ____ to enhance the overall fitness of the species .
Homeostasis
Some organisms are able to maintain homeostasis by ___means . This is called -
Physiological ( sometimes behavorial ) means
Regulate
Who all are capable of regulation ( thermal and osmotic regulation )
All birds
All mammals
Very few lower vertebrate and invertebrate species
_____ believe that the success of ____ is largely due to their ability to maintain a constant body temp .
Evolutionary biologists
Mammals
In summers , when the outside temp is higher than that of our body , we ____ and in winters ,we ____ .
Sweat
Shiver
An overwhelming majority , nearly 99% of animals and nearly ALL PLANTS are -
Conformers - cannot maintain their constant internal environment
In aquatic animals , the osmotic conc of body fluids __with the ambient osmotic conc .
Changes
_____ is ENERGETICALLY expensive for many organisms .
Thermoregulation
Theroregulation is energetically expensive for what kind of animals ?
Small animals - like shrews and humming birds
Heat loss or heat gain is a function of ____ .
SA
Small animals have a __ SA relative to volume .
Large
What are the consequences of having a large SA relative to volume ?
These animals tend to lose heat very fast when it is cold outside
Why do small animals tend to lose heat very fast when it is cold outside ?
Becoz they have to expend too much energy to generate body heat through metabolism . Very expensive .
_____ animals are rarely found in the polar regions . Why ?
Small
Large SA relative to vol .
Who are partial regulators ?
Some species have evolved the ability to regulate but only over a limited range of environmental conditions , beyond which they simply conform .
The organisms can move away temporarily from stressful habitat to a more hospitable area and return when stressful period is over . This is called -
Migration
Migration is _____
Temporary
Migration is usually performed by -
Birds
Many birds , during___ undertake long distance migrations to more hospitable areas .
Winter
Every winter , the famous ____ in ___ hosts thousands of migratory birds coming from SIBERIA and other EXTREMELY COLD NORTHERN REGIONS .
Keolado national park ( BHARATPUR )
Rajasthan
Suspension is performed by -
Bacteria
Fungi
Lower plants
In bacteria , fungi and lower plants , various kinds of ____ are formed which help them to survive unfavourable conditions .
Thick-walled spores
In higher plants , __serve as means to tide over periods of stress .
Seeds
Other vegetative reproductive structures
Seeds reduce their metabolic activity and go into a state of -
Dormancy
In animals , the organism if unable to migrate ,might avoid the stress by____ .
Escaping in time
Example of escape in time -
Hibernation by bears 🐻
Hibernation is done by ____ during ____ .
Bears
Winter
Some ____and _____ go into aestivation .
Snails 🐌
Fishes.
Aestivation is done to avoid _________ .
Summer related problems -HEAT and DESSICATION
Under unfavourable conditions many __SPECIES in lakes and ponds are known to enter DIAPAUSE , a stage of suspended development .
Zooplankton
How to organisms adapt behaviourally ?
Migrating temporarily to a less stressful habitat
_____is any attribute of the organism that enables the organism to survive and reproduce in the habitat .
Adaptation
Types of adaptation -
Morphological
Physiological
Behavioural
Many adaptations are ____fixed .
Genetically
The kangaroo rate is able to meet all of its water requirements through _____ .
It’s INTERNAL FAT OXIDATION - in which water is a byproduct .
The kangaroo rat is found in -
North American deserts 🏜
Kangaroo rat has the ability to _____ so that MINIMAL AMT O WATER IS USED TO REMOVE EXCRETORY PRODUCTS .
Conc its urine
Byproduct of internal fat oxidation in kangaroo rat -
Water
What kind of adaptation is seen in kangaroo rat -
Genetic
Not behavorial
Maybe physiological
Autecology means -
Relation of an organism to its environment
Many desert pants have what kind of adaptations to minimize water loss through transpiration -
Thick cuticle on their leaf surface
Stomata arranged in deep pits ( sunken ) to minimize water loss
What does CAM pathway enable plants to do ?
Keep stomata closed during day
Some desert plants like ___have no leaves .
Opuntia - leaves reduced to spines
In opuntia , the photosynthetic function is performed by -
Stem ( flattened )
