Human Health Flashcards
______initiated collaboration with NORMAN BORLAUG , which culminated in the ______ , through the introduction of _____in India .
Swaminathan
green revolution
Mexican varieties of wheat
Swaminathan has been awarded the ______ .
Padma bhushan
The discovery of ______ by _____ using experimental method and the demonstration of ______ disproved the good humour hypothesis of health .
Blood circulation
Willian Harvey.
Normal body temp in persons with black bile using thermometer
Health for a long time was considered as a state of body where there was a balance of certain ____ .this was asserted by -
Humours
Early Greeks like Hippocrates as well as Indian Ayurveda system of medicine
It was thought that persons with _____ belonged o hot personality and would have fevers .
Black bile
Health is affected by - 3 things
Genetic disorders
Infections.
Lifestyle including the food and water we take , rest and exercise
Health does not simply mean _____or _____ .
Absence of disease
Physical fitness
Define health -
State of complete physical , mental and social well-being
Diseases can be broadly grouped into -
2
Infectious
Non-infectious
Among non-infectious diseases , ____ is the major cause of death .
Cancer
Disease causing organisms - pathogens can be -
Bacteria 🧫 Viruses 🦠 Fungi Protozoans Helminthes
__have to adapt to life within the environment of the host .
Pathogens
Pathogens that enter the gut must know a way of surviving in the stomach at ___ and ____ .
Low pH
Resisting the various digestive enzymes
______is a pathogenic _____ which causes typhoid fever in humans .
Salmonella typhi
Bacterium
Salmonella typhi bacterium generally enters the _____ through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other organs through _____ .
Small intestines
Blood
Salmonellla typhi enter the small intestines through _____ .
Food and water contaminated with the pathogen
Common symptoms of TYPHOID -
Sustained high fever - 39-40 degrees Weakness Stomach pain Constipation Headache Loss of appetite
In case of severe typhoid , ____and ____may occur .
Intestinal perforations
Death
Typhoid fever could be confirmed by _____ .
Widal test
A classic case of medicine , that of ____ who was nicknamed ______ .
Mary Mallon
Typhoid Mary
______and _____ pathogens are responsible for PNEUMONIA .
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
BACTERIA
PNEUMONIA is a _____ disease .
Bacterial
Pneumonia in humans affects the _______ .
Alveoli of the lungs
What happens as a result of pneumonia -
Alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration
Symptoms of pneumonia include -
Fever
Chills
Cough
Headache
In severe cases of pneumonia , ____may occur .
Lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour
How does a healthy person aquire the infection of pneumonia ?
By inhaling the droplets /aerosols released by an infected person or by sharing glasses and utensils
Plague is a ____ disease .
Bacterial
Diphtheria is a ____disease .
Bacterial
Dysentery is a _____disease .
Bacterial
______ represent one such grp of viruses which cause one of the most infectious human ailments - COMMON COLD .
Rhino. Viruses
Rhino infect the ____and _____ but not the ____ .
Nose and respiratory passage
Lungs
Common cold is characterised by -
Nasal congestion and discharge Sore throat Hoarseness Cough Headache Tiredness
The symptoms of common cold last for _____ .
3-7 days
Malaria is caused by a _____ pathogen .
Protozoan.
___ , a tiny protozoan is responsible for causing malaria .
Plasmodium
Different _____ of plasmodium are responsible for ___ type of malaria .
Species
Diff types
Malignant malaria is caused by ______ .
P .falciparum
___malaria is the most serious one .
P . Falciparum - malignant
Diff species of plasmodium -
1) p. Vivax
2) p. Malaria
3) p. Falciparum
Plasmodium enters the human body as ____ .
Sporozoites
_____ is the infectious form of plasmodium .
Sporozoite
Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites through _.
Bite of female anopheles mosquito
After entering , the parasite - SPOROZOITES reach the ____ through the ___.
Liver
Blood
What happens after the malarial parasite enters the liver -
1) The parasite -sporozoite initially multiplies within the liver cells
2) then , attacks the RBCs , resulting in their rupture
The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of ____ .
Toxic substance - haemozoin
Haemozoin is responsible for ____ and ____ recurring every ____ days .
Chills
High Fever
3-4 days
When a female anopheles mosquito bites an infected person , ____happens .
The parasite (GAMETOCYTE) enters the mosquitos body and undergoes further development .
The parasites that enter the mosquito from an infected person multiply within them to form ____ that are stored in their ____ .
SPOROZOITES
SALIVARY GLANDS
Malarial parasite req ____ hosts .
2 - human and mosquito 🦟
The females anopheles mosquito is the ____ too .
Vector (transmitting agent )
The parasite reproduces _____ in the liver cells and _____ in the RBCs .
Asexually
Asexuallly
Sexual stages of plasmodium is called ____ and it develops in the ____ .
Gametocytes
RBCS
Fertilisation and development takes place in the _____
Mosquito’s gut
______is a ____ parasite which causes amoebiasis .
Entamoeba histolytica
Protozoan
Entamoeba histolytica is found in the _____ of humans .
Large intestine
Amoebiasis is also called ______ .
Amoebic dysentery
Symptoms. Of amoebic dysentery -
Costipation
Abdominal pain
Cramps
Stools with excessive mucus and blood clots
_____acts as a mechanical carrier and serve to transmit the Amoebiasis parasite from faeces of infected person to food .
Housefly
___and. ____are the main source of infection of amoebiasis .
Drinking water
Food contaminated by faecal matter
_____is the common round worm and _____ is the filarial worm .
Ascaris
Wuchereria
Name some helminthes that are known to be pathogenic to man -
Ascaris
Wuchereria
Ascaris , an ____ parasite causes ascariasis .
Intestinal
Symptoms of ascariasis -
Internal bleeding Muscular pain. Fever Anemia Blockage of the intestinal passage
The ____ of the parasite (ascaris) are excreted along with the _____ , which contaminate soil , water , plants , etc .
Eggs
Faeces of the infected persons
How does a healthy person acquire the infection of ascaris -
through contaminated water , Veges , fruits
Types of wuchereria worms -
1) W . Bancrofti
2) W . Malayi
Wuchereria , the filarial worm cause a slowly developing _____ of the ___ .
Chronic inflammation
Organs in which they live for many years
Wuchereria causes inflammation of usually , ____ of the _____ .
Lymphatic vessels
Lower limb
The _____are also affected in elephantiasis resulting in _____ .
Genital organs gross deformities
The pathogens of elephantiasis are transmitted to a healthy person through a bite by ____ .
Female mosquito vectors
Many fungi belonging to the genera ______, _____and. _____ are responsible for causing ringworm .
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
Ringworm is a __disease .
Fungal
Most common infectious disease in man -
Ringworm
The main symptoms of ringworm -
Appearance of. Dry , scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin , nails and scalp
In ringworm , the dry scaly LESIONS are accompanied by ____ .
Intense itching
____ and ___help the fungi to grow , which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the ___ or ____ .
Heat
Moisture
Groin
Btw toes
Ringworms are generally acquired from _____ .
Soil or by using towels ,clothes or even the comb of infected indivisuals .
Hygiene measures are essential where the infectious agents are transmitted through food and water such as ____,____and ____ .
Typhoid
Amoebiasis
Ascariasis
In case of air-borne diseases such as ____and ____ . In addition to proper hygiene , close contact with infected persons is to be avoided .
Pneumonia
Common cold
How to eliminate vectors and their breeding places /
Avoid stagnation of water , regular cleaning of coolers , use of mosquito nets , intro of fishes like GAMBUSIA in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae , spraying of insecticides in ditches , drainage areas
Vector borne diasease - by aedes mosquito in India are- (2)
Dengue
Chikunguniya
The use of vaccines and immunization programmers have enabled us to completely eradicate a deadly disease like _____ .
Small pox
______ is at the verge of making available newer and safer vaccines .
Biotechnology
Pneumonia can be controlled by vaccines . T/F
T
Name some infectious disease -
Polio
Diphtheria
Pneumonia
Tetanus
Innate immunity is ____type of defence , that is present at the time of birth .
Non-specific
How is innate immunity accomplished -
By providing diff types of BARRIERs to the entry of the foreign agents into our body .
Innate immunity consists of __ types of barriers . Name -
4 Physical Physiological Celllular Cytokine
_____ is the main barrier that prevents entry of microorganisms .
Skin
Mucus coating of _____ , _____ and ___ also help in trapping microbes entering our body .
Epithelium lining the-
respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Urogenital tract
Mucus coating the epithelium lining the respiratory , gastrointestinal and urogenital tract is a type of _____barrier .
Physical
Name some physiological barriers -
Acid in stomach
Saliva in mouth
Tears from eyes
Certain types of WBCs (leukocytes) of our body like _____ and ______ and _____ in the blood as well as _____ in tissues can phagocytose `and destroy microbes.
polymorpho - nuclear leukocytes (PMNL- neutrophils )
Monocytes
Natural killer type of lymphocytes
Macrophages
Virus-infected cells secrete _____called _____ that protect non-infected cells from further viral infection .
Proteins
Interferons
Interferons come under __barrier .
Cytokine
Name some cellular barriers -
WBCs / leukocytes - like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes(PMNL-NEUTROPHILS)
MONOCYTES
Natural killer type of LYMPHOCYTES in blood
Macrophages -in issues
_______immunity is pathogen specific .
Acquired
______immunity is characterised by memory .
Acquired
When our body encounters a pathogen for the 1st time produces a response called ____ which is of _____intensity .
Primary response
Low
Subsequent encounters with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified __or ____ response .
Secondary
Anamnestic
___is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the 1st encounter .
Sec / anamnestic response
The _____and _____ immune responses are carried out with the help of 2 lymphocytes .
Prim immune response
Sec immune response
What are the 2 special lymphocytes -
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
The _____produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them .
B-lymphocytes
The proteins produced by B-lymphocytes are called ____ .
Antibodies
The _____themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B-cells to produce them .
T-cells
Each antibody molecule has _____ , ___ and _____ .
4 peptide chains
2 light chains
2 heavy chains
An antibody is represented by ____ .
H2L2
Each antibody has ___ peptide chains , __ small light chains , and _____ LONGER heavy chains .
4
2
2
Diff types of antibodies produced in our body are -
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgG
Becoz antibodies are found in the ____ , the response is also called as _______.
Blood
Humoral immune response
Acquired immune response may be ____ mediated or ____mediated .
Antibody
Cell
The _____ mediate CMI .
T-lymphocytes
CMI - cell mediated immunity
What are the essential steps before never taking any graft / transplant ?
Tissue matching
Blood grp matching
The person has to take _____all her/his life after undertaking any graft even after tissue , blood grp matching .
Immunosuppressants
The body is able to differentiate self and non-self and ____ is responsible for that .
Cell mediated immunity -res for graft rejection
When a host is exposed to _____ ,which may be in the form of ____or _____or _____ , antibodies are produced in the host body .
Antigens
Living microbes
Dead microbes
Other proteins
When a host is exposed to antigens(in the form of living or dead microbes or proteins) , antibodies are produces in its body . This immunity is called -
Active immunity
_______immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response .
Active
How can active immunity be induced ?
1) By injecting the microbes deliberately during immunization
2) infectious organisms gaining access into body during natural infection induce active immunity .
When READY-MADE antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents , it is called ______ .
Passive immunity
The yellowish FLIUD colostrum secreted during ______ has abundant ____to protect the infant .
Initial days of lactation
Antibody IgA
The milk colostrum is a form of _____ immunity .
Passive
The foetus also receives some antibodies from their mother through ______ during pregnancy .
Placenta
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of _____ .
MEMORY of the immune system
In vaccination , a preparation of ______or _____ are introduced in the body .
Antigenic proteins of pathogens
Inactivated / weakened pathogen ( vaccine )
The antibodies produced in response to antigens (introduced during vaccination ) in the body would ______ the pathogenic agents during ACTUAL INFECTION .
Neutralise
The vaccines also generate _____ that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with massive production of antibodies .
Memory -B and T cells
If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is req as in tetanus , we need to directly inject the _____ or _____ .
Preformed antibodies
Antitoxin
Even in case of snakebites , the injection which is given , contains _____ .
Preformed antibodies against snake venom .
In case of tetanus - _____ is injected .
Preformed antibodies / antitoxin
The immunization in case of tetanus or snake bites is called _____ .
Passive immunization ( preformed antibodies )
Recombinant DNA tech has allowed the production of ____ of pathogen in _____or ____ .
Antigenic polypeptides
Bacteria
Yeast
Vaccines produced using recombinant DNA tech allow _____ and hence _____ .
Large scale production
Greater availability for immunization
______vaccine is produced from yeast .
Hepatitis -B
______has allowed the production of antigenic polypeptides of pathogen in bacteria or yeast .
recombinant DNA tech
The _____response of _____ to certain ____ present in the environment is called allergy .
Exaggerated
Immune system
Antigens
The antibodies produced duet o allergens are of __type .
IgE
Common example of allergens are -
Mites in dust
Pollens
Animal dander
Symptoms fo allergic reactions include -
Sneezing
Watery eyes
Running nose
Difficulty in breathing
Allergy is due to release of chemicals like _____and ____ from _____ .
Histamine
Serotonin
Mast cells
What is done for determining the cause of allergy ?
The patient is exposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens and the reactions studied .
The use of drugs like _____, _____ and ____ quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy .
Anti-histamine
Adrenaline
Steroids
Modern day lifestyle has resulted in lowering of immunity , therefore in metro cities , children suffer from ___and ____ due to senstivity to the environment .
Asthma
Allergies
Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in ____ based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms from ____
Higher vertebrates
Self cells
Higher organisms can distinguish ____ as well as _____ .
Foreign organisms
Foreign molecules
Sometimes , due to _____ and ___Reasons , body attacks self cells .
Genetic
Other unknown
Example of autoimmune disease .
rheumatoid arthritis .
The immune system consists of ____, ____, _____ and ____ .
Lymphoid organs
Tissues
Cells
Soluble molecules ( like antibodies )
Lymphoid organs are the organs where ___and ____ and ____ of LYMPHOCYTES occur .
Origin
Maturation
Proliferation
The primary lymphoid organs are -
Bone marrow
Thymus
In ___lymphoid organs , immature lymphocytes differentiate into _____ lymphocytes .
Primary - bone marrow/ thymus
Antigen-sensitive
After maturation , the lymphocytes migrate to ____ .
Secondary lymphoid organs
Name all the sec lymphoid organs -
5 Spleen Lymph nodes Tonsils Peyer’s patch - of SMALL INTESTINE Appendix
The sec lymphoid organs provide the site for ____ , which then PROLIFERATE to become _____ .
Interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen
Effector cells
_____ is the main lymphoid organ .
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all the ______are produced
All the BLOOD CELLS including lymphocytes
The thymus is a ____organ located near the ____ and beneath the ____ .
Heart
Breastbone
The thymus is very large at the time of ____ but keep reducing in size with age and by the time of ______ it reduces to a very small size .
Birth
Puberty
Both _____and ___provide MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes .
Bone marrow
Thymus
The spleen is a large ____shaped organ .
Bean
Spleen contains _____and _____ .
Lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Spleen acts as the _____of blood by trapping _____ .
Filter
Blood-borne microorganisms
Spleen also acts as a large reservoir of ____ .
Erythrocytes
The ____ are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system .
Lymph nodes
_____serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid .
Lymph nodes
___trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of ____ present there and cause the immune response .
Antigens
Lymphocytes
There is lymphoid tissue located within the lining of the major tracts called ______ .
MALT - mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue
MALT constitutes _____% of the lymphoid tissue in human body .
50%
MALT is located WITHIN THE LINING OF THE MAJOR TRACTS - which tracts ?
Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Urogenital tract
Both bone marrow and thymus provide___for the production and maturation of ____ .
Micro-environments
T-lymphocytes
AIDS is a congenital / non-congenital disease ?
Non-congenital (not from birth )
_____means a grp of symptoms .
SYNDROME.
AIDS was 1st reported in _____ .
1981
In the last 25. Yrs or so , aids has spread. All over the world and killed more than ____people.
25 million
AIDS is caused by HIV ,a meme Er of a grp of viruses called ____ .
Retroviruses
RETROVIRUSES have / do not have an envelope .
Have
Retroviruses have an envelope enclosing the ____.
RNA gnome
Transmission of HIV infection occurs by -
1) sexual contact with infected person
2) by transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
3) by sharing infected needles as in case of intravenous drug abusers
4) from infected mother to her child through the placenta
People at higher risk of getting HIV infection are -
1) have multiple sexual partners
2) require repeated blood transfusions
3) intravenous drug abusers
4) children born to an HIV mother
The time lag btw infection and appearance of aids symptoms are -
5-10 yrs
Getting into the body of the person , the virus enters into ______ .
Macrophages
What happens after the HIV virus enters into macrophages. ?
RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase .
The viral DNA produced in macrophages gets incorporated into host cell’s DNA and directs infected cells to produce _____
Virus particles
The _____continue to produce virus particles and acts like a _____ .
Macrophages
HIV factory
HIV enters into ___ ( simultaneously , when more viruses are being produced ) , replicates and produces progeny viruses.
Helper T lymphocytes
There is a progressive dec in the ______ in the body of infected person .
Number of helper T-lymphocytes
During this period of the spread of infection in the body of infected person , the person suffers from ___ ,___and ______ .
Bouts of fever
Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Due to the dec in the number of T-lymphocytes , the person starts suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome such as those due to ____ , _____ ,_____and even _____ .
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
HIV infected suffers from infections , such as those due to bacteria , especially ____ , viruses , fungi. And even parasites like ______ .
Mycobacterium
Toxoplasma
Wdwly used diagnostic test for AIDs -
ELISA
ELISA is confirmed using _____ .
Western blotting
Treatment of AIDS with _____ is only partially effective .
Anti-retro viral drugs
In our country, ___and other ___are doing a lot to educate people about AIDS .
NACO - National aids contl organisation
NGOs
_____is the most dreaded disease of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe .
Cancer
More than ____ INDIANS suffer from cancer .
A million
In cancer cells , there is a breakdown of which regulatory mechanisms ?
1) cell growth
2) cell differentiation
Normal cells show a property of ______ by virtue of which -
Contact inhibition
Contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth .
Cancer cells appear to have lost the property of ____.
Contact inhibition
As a result of the loss of the property of contact inhibition , cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called -
Tumours
Tumors are of 2 types -
1) benign
2) malignant
_____ normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body .
Benign tumours
Malignant tumors are a mass of proliferating cells called _____ cells .
Neoplastic or tumor cells
___grow very rapidly , invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues .
Malignant tumors cells / neoplastic cells
As neoplastic cells grow , and divide , they also starved he normal cells by ___ .
Competing for vital nutrients
Cells sloughed off from such tumors reach distant sites through _____ and wherever they get lodged , they start new tumors there .
Blood
______is the most feared property of malignant tumors .
Metastasis - spread through sloughed off cells
Transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by __,___ or ___agents .
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Ionizing radiations like ____ cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformations .
X-rays
Gamma rays
Non-ionizing radiation carcinogens are -
UV rays
The _____carcinogen present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a major cause of _____ .
Chemical
Lung cancer
Cancer causing viruses called ____ have genes called _____
Oncogenic viruses
Viral oncogenes
Several genes called _____or _____ have been identified in normal cells which hen activated under certain conditions. , could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells .
Cellular oncogenes ( c-onc ) Proto-oncogenes
Early detection of cancer is essential as it allows the ______ .
Disease to be treated successful
Cancer detection is based on _____and ______ of the tissue and blood .
Biopsy
Histopathological studies
Cancer detection is based on _____ for increased cell counts in the case of _____ .
Bone marrow tests
Leukemias
In ___, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope (________) by a pathologist .
Biopsy
Histopathological studies
Techniques like ______, _____and _____are very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs .
Radiography ( X-rays)
CT( computed tomography )
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging )
_____uses X-rays to generate a 3 -D image of the internals of an object .
CT
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and _____ to accurately detect PATHOLOGICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL changes in the living tissue .
Non-ionizing radiations ( UV)
____against cancer -specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers .
Antibodies
Techniques of ____can be applied to detect genes in indivisuals with _____ in certain cancers .
Molecular biology
Inherited susceptibility
Identification of such genes , which _____ , may be very useful in prevention of certain cancers . How is it helpful ?
Predispose an indivisual to certain cancers
Such indivisuals may be advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens
The common approaches for the treatment of cancer are -
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Immunotherapy
In ____, tumor cells are irradiated lethally , taking proper care fo the normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass .
Radiotherapy
Several ___drugs are used to kill cancerous cells .
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Some chemotherapeutic drugs are ____ for particular tumors .
Specific
Majority of chemotherapeutic drugs have side effects like -
Hair loss
Anemia
Most cancers are treated by combination of ___,____and ____ .
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Cancer patients are given substances called BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS such as ____.
Alpha-interferons
Function of alpha-interferons -
Activates the immune system of cancer patients and helps in destroying the tumor .
Why are cancer patients given alpha-interferons ?
Tumor cells have been. Shown to avoid detection and destruction by immune system . Therefore , the patients are given biological response modifiers such as alpha-interferons .
Majority of the drugs abused are obtained from -
Flowering plants
Opioids are drugs ,which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our ____ and ____. .
CNS
Gastrointestinal tract
Heroin , commonly called ____ is chemically _____ which is a white , odorless , bitter crystalline compound .
Smack
Diacetylmorphine
Heroin is a ___,____,______ compound .
White
Odourless
Bitter crystalline
Heroin is obtained by _____ , which is extracted from the ____ .
Acetylation of morphine
Latex of poppy plant
Morphine is extracted from ______ .
Latex of poppy plant , PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM
Heroin is generally taken by _____and _____ .
Snorting
Injection
Heroin is a _____and _____body functions .
Depressant
Slows down
______ are a grp of chemicals which interact with their receptors present principally in the brain .
Cannabinoids
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from _____.
Inflorescence of the plant CANNABIS SATIVA
The ___,___and ____ of cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana , hashish , charas and ganja .
Flower tops
Leaves
Resin
Examples of cannabinoids -
Marijuana
Hashish
Charas
Ganja
Cannabinoids are generally taken by ____and ____ .
Inhalation
Oral ingestion
Cannabinoids are known for their effect on _____ of the body .
Cardiovascular system
______ is obtained from coca plant - erythroxylum coca native to ____.
Coca alkaloid / cocaine
South America
Cocaine interferes with the transport of the ______ .
Neuro-transmitter = dopamine
Cocaine is common called ______ .
Coke
Crack
How is cocaine taken ?
Usually snorted
Cocaine has a potent _____ action on _____ , producing a ____ and _____ .
Stimulation action on CNS
Sense of euphoria
Increased energy
Excessive dosage of cocaine causes ____.
Hallucination
Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are ______and _____ .
Atrophy belladonna
Datura
These days ______are also abused by some sportspersons
Cannabinoids
Drugs like ____ ,______, ____ and other similara drugs ,that are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental illnesses like DEPRESSION and INSOMNIA .
Barbiturates
Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Morphine is a very effective____and ___ and is very useful in patients undergone surgery .
Sedative
Painkiller
_______also paves way to hard drugs .
Smoking
Tobacco has been used by human beings for more than ____yrs .
400 yrs
Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including NICOTINE , an ____ .
Alkaloid
Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release _____ and ____ , into blood circulation , both of which ___and ____ .
Adrenaline
Nor-adrenaline
Raise blood pressure
Increase heart rate
Smoking is associated with increased incidences of CANCER of _____, ____ and ___ .
Lung
Urinary bladder
Throat
Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of _____ .
Cancer of the oral cavity
Smoking increases ____ content in blood and reduces the conc of ____ .
Carbon monoxide (CO) Haemobound oxygen
______causes O2 deficiency in the body .
Smoking
Adolescence means Both a ____and ____ during which a child becomes mature .
Period
Process
The period between ______ yrs of age linking childhood and adulthood is called adolescence .
12-18 yrs
Addition is a ____ attachment to certain effects - such as ___ and _____ - associated with drugs and alcohol .
Psychological
Euphoria
Temporary feeling of well-being
With repeated use of drugs , the _____ in our body increases .
Tolerance level of the receptors
____is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome .
Dependence
___occurs if regular dose fo drugs /alcohol is abruptly discontinued .
Withdrawal syndrome
Withdrawal syndrome is characterised by __,___,___and ___ , which may be relieved when use is resumed again .
Anxiety
Shakiness
Nausea
Sweating
The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested in the form of __,___and___ .
Reckless behaviour
Vandalism
Violence
Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to ____ , ___ or ___ .
Respiratory failure
Heart failure
Cerebral hemorrhage
Those who take drugs intravenously are more likely to acquire serious infections like ___ and ____ .
AIDS
Hepatitis -B
Measures to prevent and control drugs -
Avoid undue peer pressure Education and councelling Seeking help from parents and peers Looking for danger signs Seeking professional and medical help
The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damage ___ and ___ .
Nervous system
Liver - cirrhosis
Sportspersons misuse _____, _____ , _____ and certain ____ in sports to increase muscle strength and bulk and to promote AGGRESSIVENESS and as a result increase performance .
Narcotic analgesics
Anabolic steroids
Diuretics
Hormones
The side-effects of use of ANABOLIC STEROIDS in females are -
Masculinization Inc aggressiveness Mood swings Depression Abnormal menstrual cycles Excessive hair growth on the face and body Enlargement of liter is Deepening of voice
Side-effects of steroids in males -
Acne Increased aggressiveness Mood swings Depression Reduction in size of testicles Decreased sperm production Potential for kidney and liver dysfunction Breast enlargement Premature baldness Enlargement of the prostrate gland
In the adolescent male and female , (due to drugs )_____ and _____ of long bones may result in stunted growth .
Serve facial and body acne
Premature closure of the growth centres
