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Human Health > Human Health > Flashcards

Human Health Flashcards

1
Q

______initiated collaboration with NORMAN BORLAUG , which culminated in the ______ , through the introduction of _____in India .

A

Swaminathan
green revolution
Mexican varieties of wheat

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2
Q

Swaminathan has been awarded the ______ .

A

Padma bhushan

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3
Q

The discovery of ______ by _____ using experimental method and the demonstration of ______ disproved the good humour hypothesis of health .

A

Blood circulation
Willian Harvey.
Normal body temp in persons with black bile using thermometer

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4
Q

Health for a long time was considered as a state of body where there was a balance of certain ____ .this was asserted by -

A

Humours

Early Greeks like Hippocrates as well as Indian Ayurveda system of medicine

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5
Q

It was thought that persons with _____ belonged o hot personality and would have fevers .

A

Black bile

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6
Q

Health is affected by - 3 things

A

Genetic disorders
Infections.
Lifestyle including the food and water we take , rest and exercise

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7
Q

Health does not simply mean _____or _____ .

A

Absence of disease

Physical fitness

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8
Q

Define health -

A

State of complete physical , mental and social well-being

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9
Q

Diseases can be broadly grouped into -

A

2
Infectious
Non-infectious

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10
Q

Among non-infectious diseases , ____ is the major cause of death .

A

Cancer

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11
Q

Disease causing organisms - pathogens can be -

A 
Bacteria 🧫 
Viruses 🦠 
Fungi 
Protozoans 
Helminthes
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12
Q

__have to adapt to life within the environment of the host .

A

Pathogens

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13
Q

Pathogens that enter the gut must know a way of surviving in the stomach at ___ and ____ .

A

Low pH

Resisting the various digestive enzymes

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14
Q

______is a pathogenic _____ which causes typhoid fever in humans .

A

Salmonella typhi

Bacterium

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15
Q

Salmonella typhi bacterium generally enters the _____ through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other organs through _____ .

A

Small intestines

Blood

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16
Q

Salmonellla typhi enter the small intestines through _____ .

A

Food and water contaminated with the pathogen

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17
Q

Common symptoms of TYPHOID -

A 
Sustained high fever - 39-40 degrees
Weakness 
Stomach pain
Constipation 
Headache 
Loss of appetite
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18
Q

In case of severe typhoid , ____and ____may occur .

A

Intestinal perforations

Death

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19
Q

Typhoid fever could be confirmed by _____ .

A

Widal test

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20
Q

A classic case of medicine , that of ____ who was nicknamed ______ .

A

Mary Mallon

Typhoid Mary

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21
Q

______and _____ pathogens are responsible for PNEUMONIA .

A

Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
BACTERIA

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22
Q

PNEUMONIA is a _____ disease .

A

Bacterial

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23
Q

Pneumonia in humans affects the _______ .

A

Alveoli of the lungs

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24
Q

What happens as a result of pneumonia -

A

Alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration

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25
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia include -

A

Fever
Chills
Cough
Headache

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26
Q

In severe cases of pneumonia , ____may occur .

A

Lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour

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27
Q

How does a healthy person aquire the infection of pneumonia ?

A

By inhaling the droplets /aerosols released by an infected person or by sharing glasses and utensils

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28
Q

Plague is a ____ disease .

A

Bacterial

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29
Q

Diphtheria is a ____disease .

A

Bacterial

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30
Q

Dysentery is a _____disease .

A

Bacterial

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31
Q

______ represent one such grp of viruses which cause one of the most infectious human ailments - COMMON COLD .

A

Rhino. Viruses

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32
Q

Rhino infect the ____and _____ but not the ____ .

A

Nose and respiratory passage

Lungs

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33
Q

Common cold is characterised by -

A 
Nasal congestion and discharge
Sore throat 
Hoarseness
Cough
Headache
Tiredness
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34
Q

The symptoms of common cold last for _____ .

A

3-7 days

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35
Q

Malaria is caused by a _____ pathogen .

A

Protozoan.

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36
Q

___ , a tiny protozoan is responsible for causing malaria .

A

Plasmodium

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37
Q

Different _____ of plasmodium are responsible for ___ type of malaria .

A

Species

Diff types

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38
Q

Malignant malaria is caused by ______ .

A

P .falciparum

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39
Q

___malaria is the most serious one .

A

P . Falciparum - malignant

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40
Q

Diff species of plasmodium -

A

1) p. Vivax
2) p. Malaria
3) p. Falciparum

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41
Q

Plasmodium enters the human body as ____ .

A

Sporozoites

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42
Q

_____ is the infectious form of plasmodium .

A

Sporozoite

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43
Q

Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites through _.

A

Bite of female anopheles mosquito

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44
Q

After entering , the parasite - SPOROZOITES reach the ____ through the ___.

A

Liver

Blood

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45
Q

What happens after the malarial parasite enters the liver -

A

1) The parasite -sporozoite initially multiplies within the liver cells
2) then , attacks the RBCs , resulting in their rupture

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46
Q

The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of ____ .

A

Toxic substance - haemozoin

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47
Q

Haemozoin is responsible for ____ and ____ recurring every ____ days .

A

Chills
High Fever
3-4 days

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48
Q

When a female anopheles mosquito bites an infected person , ____happens .

A

The parasite (GAMETOCYTE) enters the mosquitos body and undergoes further development .

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49
Q

The parasites that enter the mosquito from an infected person multiply within them to form ____ that are stored in their ____ .

A

SPOROZOITES

SALIVARY GLANDS

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50
Q

Malarial parasite req ____ hosts .

A

2 - human and mosquito 🦟

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51
Q

The females anopheles mosquito is the ____ too .

A

Vector (transmitting agent )

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52
Q

The parasite reproduces _____ in the liver cells and _____ in the RBCs .

A

Asexually

Asexuallly

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53
Q

Sexual stages of plasmodium is called ____ and it develops in the ____ .

A

Gametocytes

RBCS

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54
Q

Fertilisation and development takes place in the _____

A

Mosquito’s gut

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55
Q

______is a ____ parasite which causes amoebiasis .

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Protozoan

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56
Q

Entamoeba histolytica is found in the _____ of humans .

A

Large intestine

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57
Q

Amoebiasis is also called ______ .

A

Amoebic dysentery

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58
Q

Symptoms. Of amoebic dysentery -

A

Costipation
Abdominal pain
Cramps
Stools with excessive mucus and blood clots

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59
Q

_____acts as a mechanical carrier and serve to transmit the Amoebiasis parasite from faeces of infected person to food .

A

Housefly

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60
Q

___and. ____are the main source of infection of amoebiasis .

A

Drinking water

Food contaminated by faecal matter

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61
Q

_____is the common round worm and _____ is the filarial worm .

A

Ascaris

Wuchereria

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62
Q

Name some helminthes that are known to be pathogenic to man -

A

Ascaris

Wuchereria

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63
Q

Ascaris , an ____ parasite causes ascariasis .

A

Intestinal

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64
Q

Symptoms of ascariasis -

A 
Internal bleeding 
Muscular pain. 
Fever 
Anemia
Blockage of the intestinal passage
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65
Q

The ____ of the parasite (ascaris) are excreted along with the _____ , which contaminate soil , water , plants , etc .

A

Eggs

Faeces of the infected persons

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66
Q

How does a healthy person acquire the infection of ascaris -

A

through contaminated water , Veges , fruits

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67
Q

Types of wuchereria worms -

A

1) W . Bancrofti

2) W . Malayi

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68
Q

Wuchereria , the filarial worm cause a slowly developing _____ of the ___ .

A

Chronic inflammation

Organs in which they live for many years

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69
Q

Wuchereria causes inflammation of usually , ____ of the _____ .

A

Lymphatic vessels

Lower limb

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70
Q

The _____are also affected in elephantiasis resulting in _____ .

A

Genital organs gross deformities

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71
Q

The pathogens of elephantiasis are transmitted to a healthy person through a bite by ____ .

A

Female mosquito vectors

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72
Q

Many fungi belonging to the genera ______, _____and. _____ are responsible for causing ringworm .

A

Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

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73
Q

Ringworm is a __disease .

A

Fungal

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74
Q

Most common infectious disease in man -

A

Ringworm

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75
Q

The main symptoms of ringworm -

A

Appearance of. Dry , scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin , nails and scalp

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76
Q

In ringworm , the dry scaly LESIONS are accompanied by ____ .

A

Intense itching

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77
Q

____ and ___help the fungi to grow , which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the ___ or ____ .

A

Heat
Moisture
Groin
Btw toes

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78
Q

Ringworms are generally acquired from _____ .

A

Soil or by using towels ,clothes or even the comb of infected indivisuals .

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79
Q

Hygiene measures are essential where the infectious agents are transmitted through food and water such as ____,____and ____ .

A

Typhoid
Amoebiasis
Ascariasis

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80
Q

In case of air-borne diseases such as ____and ____ . In addition to proper hygiene , close contact with infected persons is to be avoided .

A

Pneumonia

Common cold

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81
Q

How to eliminate vectors and their breeding places /

A

Avoid stagnation of water , regular cleaning of coolers , use of mosquito nets , intro of fishes like GAMBUSIA in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae , spraying of insecticides in ditches , drainage areas

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82
Q

Vector borne diasease - by aedes mosquito in India are- (2)

A

Dengue

Chikunguniya

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83
Q

The use of vaccines and immunization programmers have enabled us to completely eradicate a deadly disease like _____ .

A

Small pox

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84
Q

______ is at the verge of making available newer and safer vaccines .

A

Biotechnology

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85
Q

Pneumonia can be controlled by vaccines . T/F

A

T

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86
Q

Name some infectious disease -

A

Polio
Diphtheria
Pneumonia
Tetanus

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87
Q

Innate immunity is ____type of defence , that is present at the time of birth .

A

Non-specific

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88
Q

How is innate immunity accomplished -

A

By providing diff types of BARRIERs to the entry of the foreign agents into our body .

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89
Q

Innate immunity consists of __ types of barriers . Name -

A 
4 
Physical 
Physiological 
Celllular 
Cytokine
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90
Q

_____ is the main barrier that prevents entry of microorganisms .

A

Skin

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91
Q

Mucus coating of _____ , _____ and ___ also help in trapping microbes entering our body .

A

Epithelium lining the-
respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Urogenital tract

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92
Q

Mucus coating the epithelium lining the respiratory , gastrointestinal and urogenital tract is a type of _____barrier .

A

Physical

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93
Q

Name some physiological barriers -

A

Acid in stomach
Saliva in mouth
Tears from eyes

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94
Q

Certain types of WBCs (leukocytes) of our body like _____ and ______ and _____ in the blood as well as _____ in tissues can phagocytose `and destroy microbes.

A

polymorpho - nuclear leukocytes (PMNL- neutrophils )
Monocytes
Natural killer type of lymphocytes
Macrophages

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95
Q

Virus-infected cells secrete _____called _____ that protect non-infected cells from further viral infection .

A

Proteins

Interferons

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96
Q

Interferons come under __barrier .

A

Cytokine

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97
Q

Name some cellular barriers -

A

WBCs / leukocytes - like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes(PMNL-NEUTROPHILS)
MONOCYTES
Natural killer type of LYMPHOCYTES in blood
Macrophages -in issues

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98
Q

_______immunity is pathogen specific .

A

Acquired

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99
Q

______immunity is characterised by memory .

A

Acquired

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100
Q

When our body encounters a pathogen for the 1st time produces a response called ____ which is of _____intensity .

A

Primary response

Low

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101
Q

Subsequent encounters with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified __or ____ response .

A

Secondary

Anamnestic

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102
Q

___is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the 1st encounter .

A

Sec / anamnestic response

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103
Q

The _____and _____ immune responses are carried out with the help of 2 lymphocytes .

A

Prim immune response

Sec immune response

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104
Q

What are the 2 special lymphocytes -

A

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

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105
Q

The _____produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them .

A

B-lymphocytes

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106
Q

The proteins produced by B-lymphocytes are called ____ .

A

Antibodies

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107
Q

The _____themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B-cells to produce them .

A

T-cells

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108
Q

Each antibody molecule has _____ , ___ and _____ .

A

4 peptide chains
2 light chains
2 heavy chains

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109
Q

An antibody is represented by ____ .

A

H2L2

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110
Q

Each antibody has ___ peptide chains , __ small light chains , and _____ LONGER heavy chains .

A

4
2
2

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111
Q

Diff types of antibodies produced in our body are -

A

IgA
IgM
IgE
IgG

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112
Q

Becoz antibodies are found in the ____ , the response is also called as _______.

A

Blood

Humoral immune response

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113
Q

Acquired immune response may be ____ mediated or ____mediated .

A

Antibody

Cell

114
Q

The _____ mediate CMI .

A

T-lymphocytes

CMI - cell mediated immunity

115
Q

What are the essential steps before never taking any graft / transplant ?

A

Tissue matching

Blood grp matching

116
Q

The person has to take _____all her/his life after undertaking any graft even after tissue , blood grp matching .

A

Immunosuppressants

117
Q

The body is able to differentiate self and non-self and ____ is responsible for that .

A

Cell mediated immunity -res for graft rejection

118
Q

When a host is exposed to _____ ,which may be in the form of ____or _____or _____ , antibodies are produced in the host body .

A

Antigens
Living microbes
Dead microbes
Other proteins

119
Q

When a host is exposed to antigens(in the form of living or dead microbes or proteins) , antibodies are produces in its body . This immunity is called -

A

Active immunity

120
Q

_______immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response .

A

Active

121
Q

How can active immunity be induced ?

A

1) By injecting the microbes deliberately during immunization
2) infectious organisms gaining access into body during natural infection induce active immunity .

122
Q

When READY-MADE antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents , it is called ______ .

A

Passive immunity

123
Q

The yellowish FLIUD colostrum secreted during ______ has abundant ____to protect the infant .

A

Initial days of lactation

Antibody IgA

124
Q

The milk colostrum is a form of _____ immunity .

A

Passive

125
Q

The foetus also receives some antibodies from their mother through ______ during pregnancy .

A

Placenta

126
Q

The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of _____ .

A

MEMORY of the immune system

127
Q

In vaccination , a preparation of ______or _____ are introduced in the body .

A

Antigenic proteins of pathogens

Inactivated / weakened pathogen ( vaccine )

128
Q

The antibodies produced in response to antigens (introduced during vaccination ) in the body would ______ the pathogenic agents during ACTUAL INFECTION .

A

Neutralise

129
Q

The vaccines also generate _____ that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with massive production of antibodies .

A

Memory -B and T cells

130
Q

If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is req as in tetanus , we need to directly inject the _____ or _____ .

A

Preformed antibodies

Antitoxin

131
Q

Even in case of snakebites , the injection which is given , contains _____ .

A

Preformed antibodies against snake venom .

132
Q

In case of tetanus - _____ is injected .

A

Preformed antibodies / antitoxin

133
Q

The immunization in case of tetanus or snake bites is called _____ .

A

Passive immunization ( preformed antibodies )

134
Q

Recombinant DNA tech has allowed the production of ____ of pathogen in _____or ____ .

A

Antigenic polypeptides
Bacteria
Yeast

135
Q

Vaccines produced using recombinant DNA tech allow _____ and hence _____ .

A

Large scale production

Greater availability for immunization

136
Q

______vaccine is produced from yeast .

A

Hepatitis -B

137
Q

______has allowed the production of antigenic polypeptides of pathogen in bacteria or yeast .

A

recombinant DNA tech

138
Q

The _____response of _____ to certain ____ present in the environment is called allergy .

A

Exaggerated
Immune system
Antigens

139
Q

The antibodies produced duet o allergens are of __type .

A

IgE

140
Q

Common example of allergens are -

A

Mites in dust
Pollens
Animal dander

141
Q

Symptoms fo allergic reactions include -

A

Sneezing
Watery eyes
Running nose
Difficulty in breathing

142
Q

Allergy is due to release of chemicals like _____and ____ from _____ .

A

Histamine
Serotonin
Mast cells

143
Q

What is done for determining the cause of allergy ?

A

The patient is exposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens and the reactions studied .

144
Q

The use of drugs like _____, _____ and ____ quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy .

A

Anti-histamine
Adrenaline
Steroids

145
Q

Modern day lifestyle has resulted in lowering of immunity , therefore in metro cities , children suffer from ___and ____ due to senstivity to the environment .

A

Asthma

Allergies

146
Q

Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in ____ based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms from ____

A

Higher vertebrates

Self cells

147
Q

Higher organisms can distinguish ____ as well as _____ .

A

Foreign organisms

Foreign molecules

148
Q

Sometimes , due to _____ and ___Reasons , body attacks self cells .

A

Genetic

Other unknown

149
Q

Example of autoimmune disease .

A

rheumatoid arthritis .

150
Q

The immune system consists of ____, ____, _____ and ____ .

A

Lymphoid organs
Tissues
Cells
Soluble molecules ( like antibodies )

151
Q

Lymphoid organs are the organs where ___and ____ and ____ of LYMPHOCYTES occur .

A

Origin
Maturation
Proliferation

152
Q

The primary lymphoid organs are -

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

153
Q

In ___lymphoid organs , immature lymphocytes differentiate into _____ lymphocytes .

A

Primary - bone marrow/ thymus

Antigen-sensitive

154
Q

After maturation , the lymphocytes migrate to ____ .

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

155
Q

Name all the sec lymphoid organs -

A 
5
Spleen 
Lymph nodes 
Tonsils 
Peyer’s patch - of SMALL INTESTINE 
Appendix
156
Q

The sec lymphoid organs provide the site for ____ , which then PROLIFERATE to become _____ .

A

Interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen

Effector cells

157
Q

_____ is the main lymphoid organ .

A

Bone marrow

158
Q

Bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all the ______are produced

A

All the BLOOD CELLS including lymphocytes

159
Q

The thymus is a ____organ located near the ____ and beneath the ____ .

A

Heart

Breastbone

160
Q

The thymus is very large at the time of ____ but keep reducing in size with age and by the time of ______ it reduces to a very small size .

A

Birth

Puberty

161
Q

Both _____and ___provide MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes .

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

162
Q

The spleen is a large ____shaped organ .

A

Bean

163
Q

Spleen contains _____and _____ .

A

Lymphocytes

Phagocytes

164
Q

Spleen acts as the _____of blood by trapping _____ .

A

Filter

Blood-borne microorganisms

165
Q

Spleen also acts as a large reservoir of ____ .

A

Erythrocytes

166
Q

The ____ are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system .

A

Lymph nodes

167
Q

_____serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid .

A

Lymph nodes

168
Q

___trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of ____ present there and cause the immune response .

A

Antigens

Lymphocytes

169
Q

There is lymphoid tissue located within the lining of the major tracts called ______ .

A

MALT - mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue

170
Q

MALT constitutes _____% of the lymphoid tissue in human body .

A

50%

171
Q

MALT is located WITHIN THE LINING OF THE MAJOR TRACTS - which tracts ?

A

Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Urogenital tract

172
Q

Both bone marrow and thymus provide___for the production and maturation of ____ .

A

Micro-environments

T-lymphocytes

173
Q

AIDS is a congenital / non-congenital disease ?

A

Non-congenital (not from birth )

174
Q

_____means a grp of symptoms .

A

SYNDROME.

175
Q

AIDS was 1st reported in _____ .

A

1981

176
Q

In the last 25. Yrs or so , aids has spread. All over the world and killed more than ____people.

A

25 million

177
Q

AIDS is caused by HIV ,a meme Er of a grp of viruses called ____ .

A

Retroviruses

178
Q

RETROVIRUSES have / do not have an envelope .

A

Have

179
Q

Retroviruses have an envelope enclosing the ____.

A

RNA gnome

180
Q

Transmission of HIV infection occurs by -

A

1) sexual contact with infected person
2) by transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
3) by sharing infected needles as in case of intravenous drug abusers
4) from infected mother to her child through the placenta

181
Q

People at higher risk of getting HIV infection are -

A

1) have multiple sexual partners
2) require repeated blood transfusions
3) intravenous drug abusers
4) children born to an HIV mother

182
Q

The time lag btw infection and appearance of aids symptoms are -

A

5-10 yrs

183
Q

Getting into the body of the person , the virus enters into ______ .

A

Macrophages

184
Q

What happens after the HIV virus enters into macrophages. ?

A

RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase .

185
Q

The viral DNA produced in macrophages gets incorporated into host cell’s DNA and directs infected cells to produce _____

A

Virus particles

186
Q

The _____continue to produce virus particles and acts like a _____ .

A

Macrophages

HIV factory

187
Q

HIV enters into ___ ( simultaneously , when more viruses are being produced ) , replicates and produces progeny viruses.

A

Helper T lymphocytes

188
Q

There is a progressive dec in the ______ in the body of infected person .

A

Number of helper T-lymphocytes

189
Q

During this period of the spread of infection in the body of infected person , the person suffers from ___ ,___and ______ .

A

Bouts of fever
Diarrhoea
Weight loss

190
Q

Due to the dec in the number of T-lymphocytes , the person starts suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome such as those due to ____ , _____ ,_____and even _____ .

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

191
Q

HIV infected suffers from infections , such as those due to bacteria , especially ____ , viruses , fungi. And even parasites like ______ .

A

Mycobacterium

Toxoplasma

192
Q

Wdwly used diagnostic test for AIDs -

A

ELISA

193
Q

ELISA is confirmed using _____ .

A

Western blotting

194
Q

Treatment of AIDS with _____ is only partially effective .

A

Anti-retro viral drugs

195
Q

In our country, ___and other ___are doing a lot to educate people about AIDS .

A

NACO - National aids contl organisation

NGOs

196
Q

_____is the most dreaded disease of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe .

A

Cancer

197
Q

More than ____ INDIANS suffer from cancer .

A

A million

198
Q

In cancer cells , there is a breakdown of which regulatory mechanisms ?

A

1) cell growth

2) cell differentiation

199
Q

Normal cells show a property of ______ by virtue of which -

A

Contact inhibition

Contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth .

200
Q

Cancer cells appear to have lost the property of ____.

A

Contact inhibition

201
Q

As a result of the loss of the property of contact inhibition , cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called -

A

Tumours

202
Q

Tumors are of 2 types -

A

1) benign

2) malignant

203
Q

_____ normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body .

A

Benign tumours

204
Q

Malignant tumors are a mass of proliferating cells called _____ cells .

A

Neoplastic or tumor cells

205
Q

___grow very rapidly , invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues .

A

Malignant tumors cells / neoplastic cells

206
Q

As neoplastic cells grow , and divide , they also starved he normal cells by ___ .

A

Competing for vital nutrients

207
Q

Cells sloughed off from such tumors reach distant sites through _____ and wherever they get lodged , they start new tumors there .

A

Blood

208
Q

______is the most feared property of malignant tumors .

A

Metastasis - spread through sloughed off cells

209
Q

Transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by __,___ or ___agents .

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

210
Q

Ionizing radiations like ____ cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformations .

A

X-rays

Gamma rays

211
Q

Non-ionizing radiation carcinogens are -

A

UV rays

212
Q

The _____carcinogen present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a major cause of _____ .

A

Chemical

Lung cancer

213
Q

Cancer causing viruses called ____ have genes called _____

A

Oncogenic viruses

Viral oncogenes

214
Q

Several genes called _____or _____ have been identified in normal cells which hen activated under certain conditions. , could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells .

A 
Cellular oncogenes ( c-onc )
Proto-oncogenes
215
Q

Early detection of cancer is essential as it allows the ______ .

A

Disease to be treated successful

216
Q

Cancer detection is based on _____and ______ of the tissue and blood .

A

Biopsy

Histopathological studies

217
Q

Cancer detection is based on _____ for increased cell counts in the case of _____ .

A

Bone marrow tests

Leukemias

218
Q

In ___, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope (________) by a pathologist .

A

Biopsy

Histopathological studies

219
Q

Techniques like ______, _____and _____are very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs .

A

Radiography ( X-rays)
CT( computed tomography )
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging )

220
Q

_____uses X-rays to generate a 3 -D image of the internals of an object .

A

CT

221
Q

MRI uses strong magnetic fields and _____ to accurately detect PATHOLOGICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL changes in the living tissue .

A

Non-ionizing radiations ( UV)

222
Q

____against cancer -specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers .

A

Antibodies

223
Q

Techniques of ____can be applied to detect genes in indivisuals with _____ in certain cancers .

A

Molecular biology

Inherited susceptibility

224
Q

Identification of such genes , which _____ , may be very useful in prevention of certain cancers . How is it helpful ?

A

Predispose an indivisual to certain cancers

Such indivisuals may be advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens

225
Q

The common approaches for the treatment of cancer are -

A

Surgery
Radiation therapy
Immunotherapy

226
Q

In ____, tumor cells are irradiated lethally , taking proper care fo the normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass .

A

Radiotherapy

227
Q

Several ___drugs are used to kill cancerous cells .

A

Chemotherapeutic drugs

228
Q

Some chemotherapeutic drugs are ____ for particular tumors .

A

Specific

229
Q

Majority of chemotherapeutic drugs have side effects like -

A

Hair loss

Anemia

230
Q

Most cancers are treated by combination of ___,____and ____ .

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

231
Q

Cancer patients are given substances called BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS such as ____.

A

Alpha-interferons

232
Q

Function of alpha-interferons -

A

Activates the immune system of cancer patients and helps in destroying the tumor .

233
Q

Why are cancer patients given alpha-interferons ?

A

Tumor cells have been. Shown to avoid detection and destruction by immune system . Therefore , the patients are given biological response modifiers such as alpha-interferons .

234
Q

Majority of the drugs abused are obtained from -

A

Flowering plants

235
Q

Opioids are drugs ,which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our ____ and ____. .

A

CNS

Gastrointestinal tract

236
Q

Heroin , commonly called ____ is chemically _____ which is a white , odorless , bitter crystalline compound .

A

Smack

Diacetylmorphine

237
Q

Heroin is a ___,____,______ compound .

A

White
Odourless
Bitter crystalline

238
Q

Heroin is obtained by _____ , which is extracted from the ____ .

A

Acetylation of morphine

Latex of poppy plant

239
Q

Morphine is extracted from ______ .

A

Latex of poppy plant , PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM

240
Q

Heroin is generally taken by _____and _____ .

A

Snorting

Injection

241
Q

Heroin is a _____and _____body functions .

A

Depressant

Slows down

242
Q

______ are a grp of chemicals which interact with their receptors present principally in the brain .

A

Cannabinoids

243
Q

Natural cannabinoids are obtained from _____.

A

Inflorescence of the plant CANNABIS SATIVA

244
Q

The ___,___and ____ of cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana , hashish , charas and ganja .

A

Flower tops
Leaves
Resin

245
Q

Examples of cannabinoids -

A

Marijuana
Hashish
Charas
Ganja

246
Q

Cannabinoids are generally taken by ____and ____ .

A

Inhalation

Oral ingestion

247
Q

Cannabinoids are known for their effect on _____ of the body .

A

Cardiovascular system

248
Q

______ is obtained from coca plant - erythroxylum coca native to ____.

A

Coca alkaloid / cocaine

South America

249
Q

Cocaine interferes with the transport of the ______ .

A

Neuro-transmitter = dopamine

250
Q

Cocaine is common called ______ .

A

Coke

Crack

251
Q

How is cocaine taken ?

A

Usually snorted

252
Q

Cocaine has a potent _____ action on _____ , producing a ____ and _____ .

A

Stimulation action on CNS
Sense of euphoria
Increased energy

253
Q

Excessive dosage of cocaine causes ____.

A

Hallucination

254
Q

Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are ______and _____ .

A

Atrophy belladonna

Datura

255
Q

These days ______are also abused by some sportspersons

A

Cannabinoids

256
Q

Drugs like ____ ,______, ____ and other similara drugs ,that are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental illnesses like DEPRESSION and INSOMNIA .

A

Barbiturates
Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines

257
Q

Morphine is a very effective____and ___ and is very useful in patients undergone surgery .

A

Sedative

Painkiller

258
Q

_______also paves way to hard drugs .

A

Smoking

259
Q

Tobacco has been used by human beings for more than ____yrs .

A

400 yrs

260
Q

Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including NICOTINE , an ____ .

A

Alkaloid

261
Q

Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release _____ and ____ , into blood circulation , both of which ___and ____ .

A

Adrenaline
Nor-adrenaline
Raise blood pressure
Increase heart rate

262
Q

Smoking is associated with increased incidences of CANCER of _____, ____ and ___ .

A

Lung
Urinary bladder
Throat

263
Q

Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of _____ .

A

Cancer of the oral cavity

264
Q

Smoking increases ____ content in blood and reduces the conc of ____ .

A 
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Haemobound oxygen
265
Q

______causes O2 deficiency in the body .

A

Smoking

266
Q

Adolescence means Both a ____and ____ during which a child becomes mature .

A

Period

Process

267
Q

The period between ______ yrs of age linking childhood and adulthood is called adolescence .

A

12-18 yrs

268
Q

Addition is a ____ attachment to certain effects - such as ___ and _____ - associated with drugs and alcohol .

A

Psychological
Euphoria
Temporary feeling of well-being

269
Q

With repeated use of drugs , the _____ in our body increases .

A

Tolerance level of the receptors

270
Q

____is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome .

A

Dependence

271
Q

___occurs if regular dose fo drugs /alcohol is abruptly discontinued .

A

Withdrawal syndrome

272
Q

Withdrawal syndrome is characterised by __,___,___and ___ , which may be relieved when use is resumed again .

A

Anxiety
Shakiness
Nausea
Sweating

273
Q

The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested in the form of __,___and___ .

A

Reckless behaviour
Vandalism
Violence

274
Q

Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to ____ , ___ or ___ .

A

Respiratory failure
Heart failure
Cerebral hemorrhage

275
Q

Those who take drugs intravenously are more likely to acquire serious infections like ___ and ____ .

A

AIDS

Hepatitis -B

276
Q

Measures to prevent and control drugs -

A 
Avoid undue peer pressure 
Education and councelling 
Seeking help from parents and peers
Looking for danger signs 
Seeking professional and medical help
277
Q

The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damage ___ and ___ .

A

Nervous system

Liver - cirrhosis

278
Q

Sportspersons misuse _____, _____ , _____ and certain ____ in sports to increase muscle strength and bulk and to promote AGGRESSIVENESS and as a result increase performance .

A

Narcotic analgesics
Anabolic steroids
Diuretics
Hormones

279
Q

The side-effects of use of ANABOLIC STEROIDS in females are -

A 
Masculinization 
Inc aggressiveness 
Mood swings 
Depression
Abnormal menstrual cycles
Excessive hair growth on the face and body
Enlargement of liter is 
Deepening of voice
280
Q

Side-effects of steroids in males -

A 
Acne
Increased aggressiveness 
Mood swings 
Depression
Reduction in size of testicles 
Decreased sperm production
Potential for kidney and liver dysfunction 
Breast enlargement
Premature baldness
Enlargement of the prostrate gland
281
Q

In the adolescent male and female , (due to drugs )_____ and _____ of long bones may result in stunted growth .

A

Serve facial and body acne

Premature closure of the growth centres

Human Health (8 decks)

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