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Human Health > Biodiversity And Conservation > Flashcards

Biodiversity And Conservation Flashcards

1
Q

There are more than __species of ants , ____ species of beetles , ____ species of fishes and ______species of orchids .

A

🐜- 20,000
🐞-3,00,000
🐠-28,000
🌺-20,000

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2
Q

In our biosphere , diversity ( heterogeneity ) exists at ____levls .

A

Species level and at every level of organisation

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3
Q

Biodiversity is the term popularized by __,_____ to describe the combined diversity at all levels of biological organisation .

A

Sociobiologist

Edward Wilson

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4
Q

The most important types of diversity -

A

Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecological diversity

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5
Q

The genetic variation shown by the medicinal plant _____ growing in DIFF HIMALAYAN RANGES might be in terms of _____ and ____ .

A

Rouwolfia vomitoria
Potency
Conc of activ chemicals ( RESERPINE ) that the plant produces

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6
Q

India has more than _____ GENETICALLY diff strains of RICE .

A

50,000

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7
Q

India has ______ varieties of mango at _____ level .

A

1000

Genetic level

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8
Q

Rouwolfia vomtoris shows which level of diversity -

A

Genetic

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9
Q

____ have a greater amphibian species diversity than _____ .

A

Western ghats

Eastern ghats

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10
Q

Diversity in the diff strains of rice is _____ .

A

Genetic

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11
Q

At the ecological (ecosystem ) level , India win its _____ has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandavian county like Norway .

A 
Deserts 
Rain forests
Mangroves
Coral reefs
Wetlands 
Estuaries
Alpine meadows
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12
Q

According to IUCN. (2004 ), total number of species DESCRIBED so far is -

A

1.5 million

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13
Q

For many taxonomic groups , species inventories are more complete in ___ than in __countries .

A

Temperate

Tropical 🌴

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14
Q

What are the extreme estimates of the NUMBER OF SPECIES ON EARTH -

A

20-50 million

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15
Q

A more conservative and scientifically sound estimate given by _____places the GLOBAL SPECIES DIVERSITY at about ______ .

A

Robert may

7 million

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16
Q

Western ghats have a greater ______ diversity of amphibians than eastern ghats .

A

Species

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17
Q

More than __% of all species recorded so far are animals , while plants (fungi,algae,bryophytes,gymno,angio) comprise no more than ____ 5 of total .

A

70%

22%

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18
Q

Among animals ____ are the most species-rich taxonomic groups , making more than ___% of the total .

A

Insects

70%

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19
Q

Out of every 10 animals on this planet , _____are insects .

A

7

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20
Q

The number of __species is more than the combined total of the species of FISHES, AMPHIBIANS , REPTILES , MAMMALS .

A

Fungi

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21
Q

Among vertebrates ___are most abundant .

A

Fishes

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22
Q

After fungi , ___are most abundant among plants .

A

Angios

sequence( ACW) - fungi -algae -lichens -angios -ferns -mosses

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23
Q

Pie chart for invertebrates -

A

Insects -other groups -crustaceans - molluscs

ACW

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24
Q

Pie chart for vertebrates -

A

Fishes -amphibians -reptiles -birds- mammals

ACW

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25
Q

These estimates do not give any figures for ____ . Biologists are not sure about how many _____ species exist .

A

Prokaryotes

Prokaryote

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26
Q

The problem of conventional taxonomic methods -

A

Not suitable for identifying microbial species and many species re simply not culturable under lab conditions

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27
Q

Although India has __% of the world’s land area , its share of global species diversity is an impressive __% .

A
  1. 4%

8. 1%

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28
Q

India is one of the ___ mega diversity countries .

A

12

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29
Q

Nearly has _____species of plants and _____ of animals have been recorded in India .

A

45,000

Twice ( 45,000* 2 ) animal species

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30
Q

According to MAY’s estimate , only ___ of the total species have been recorded so far in India .

A

22% ( 22% of45,000 + 90,000)

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31
Q

Applying may’s estimate , there are ____ species of plants and __animals waiting to be discovered .

A

1,00,000

3,00,000

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32
Q

The diversity of plants and animals is not __throughout the world , rather shows ___distribution .

A

Uniform

Uneven

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33
Q

The well-known pattern in diversity is -

A

Latitudinal diversity

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34
Q

In general , species diversity ____as we move form equator towards the pole .

A

Dec

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35
Q

With few exceptions , __harbour more species than ____ areas .

A

Tropics

Temperate or polar

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36
Q

The latitudinal Range of tropics is from -

A
  1. 5 degree N

23. 5 degree S

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37
Q

_____located near equator has nearly __species of birds .

A

Columbia

1,400

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38
Q

New York located at __degree N has __seocies of birds .

A

41 N

105

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39
Q

Greenland at__degree N has __species of birds .

A

71 degree N

56

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40
Q

India , with much of its lan in __latitudes has __species of birds .

A

Tropical

1,200

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41
Q

A forest in a tropical region like _____ has upto ____TIMES as many species of VASCULAR plants than a forest in temperate region like _____ .

A

Equador
10
Midwest of USA

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42
Q

The largely TROPICAL _____in _ has the greatest biodiversity in the world .

A

Amazon rainforest

South AMERICA

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43
Q

Amazon rainforest is home to __species of plants , ___ of fishes , ____ of birds, ____ of mammals , _____of amphibians ,_____of reptiles and more than _____invertebrates .

A 
🌱-  40,000
🐟-3000
🦅-1,300
🐘- 427
🐸-427
🦎-378
Invertebrates - 1,25,000
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44
Q

What is so special about tropics that might account for their greater diversity ?

A

Hypothesis -
SPECIATION IS GENERALLY A FUNCTION OF TIME , unlike temperate regions subjected to freq glaciations in the past , TROPICAL LATITUDES have remained undisturbed for millions of yrs .
TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS , unlike temperate ones are LESS SEASONAL ,relatively MORE CONSTANT and PREDICTABLE .
MORE SOLAR ENERGY is available in the tropics

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45
Q

Constant environments promote _____ and lead to ___ .

A

Niche specialization

Greater species diversity

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46
Q

More solar energy contribute to higher ____ , this in turn might contribute indirectly to ____ .

A

Productivity

Greater diversity

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47
Q

____regions were subjected to freq glaciations in the past .

A

Temperate

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48
Q

Tropics are less ____ and more ____ .

A

Seasonal

Constant and predictable

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49
Q

Species -area relationships is given by -

A

Alexander on humboldt

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50
Q

Curing his pioneering and extensive explorations in the wilderness of____ jungles , the great ___NATURALIST and GEOGRAPHER Alexander Von humboldt observed that within a region , SPECIES RICHNESS INC WITH _____ , but only upto a certain limit .

A

South American
German
Increasing explored area

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51
Q

The relation btw SPECIES RICHNESS and AREA for a wide vary of taxa( angios,birds,bats,freshwater fishes) turns out to be a ____ .

A

Rectangular hyperbola

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52
Q

On a log scale , the region ship btw species richness and area is a______ described by the equation ___C.

A

Straight line
Log S= log C + Z log A

(S-species richness , A-area, Z=slope, C= Y-intercept )

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53
Q

In the relationship , Z stands for _____ and ecologists have discovered that the value of Z lies in the range of ____ , regardless of the taxonomic grp pr the region .

A

Slope of the line ( regression coefficient ) =Z

0.1-0.2

54
Q

The value of Z for the plants in Britain is _____, for birds in California is ____ or molluscs in New York State is ______ .

A

Same in all

0.1-0.2

55
Q

If we analyse the species -area relationship for very large areas like the ENTIRE CONTINENT , the slop of regression is found to be ______ . The value of Z =______ .

A

Much steeper

0.6-1.2

56
Q

For frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of diff continents , the slope is found to be ____ .

A

1.15

57
Q

Conditions for STABILITY of a biological community -

A

Should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year
Must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances (man-made and natural)
Resistant to alien species

58
Q

______ ‘s long-term ecosystem exp using outdoor plots provide clues for the link new .species richness and stable community .

A

David tilman’s

59
Q

Tilan found that _____ showed less year-to year variation in total biomass .

A

Plots with more species

60
Q

What other things did Tillman show in his exp ?

A

Inc diversity contributed to higher productivity

61
Q

David Tillman performed ___exp using ______ .

A

Long-term ecosystem exp

Outdoor plots

62
Q

How can we get an idea that species richness contributes to well-being of an ecosystem ?

A

Rivet pop hypothesis

63
Q

Rivet popper hypothesis was given by ____ ecologist _____ .

A

Stanford

Paul Ehrlich

64
Q

Aero plane is considered the ____ and rivets are considered _____ .

A

Ecosystem

Species

65
Q

Which _____is removed may also be critical .

A

Rivet

66
Q

Loss of rivets on the _____ is a more serious threat . Why ?

A

Wings ( key species )

Becoz they drive major ecosystem functions

67
Q

The colonization of tropical PACIFIC ISLANDS by humans is said to have led to the extinction of more than____species of _____ .

A

2,000

Birds

68
Q

The IUCN red list ( 2004 ) documents the extinction of ____ species in the last 500 yrs .

A

784

69
Q

Among the 784 stitches species , ____ are vertebrates , ____ invertebrates ,____ plants .

A

338
359
87

70
Q

Some examples of event extinctions include -_____from MAURITIUS 🇲🇺 , ____ from AFRICA , _____ from AUSTRALIA 🇦🇺 ,_______ from RUSSIA 🇷🇺 .

A

Dodo
Quagga
Thylacine
Stellar sea cow 🐄

71
Q

__species of tiger have become extinct recently . Name -

A

3
Bali
Javan
Caspian

72
Q

The last 20 yrs alone has witnessed the disappearance of __species .

A

27

73
Q

Some groups like ____ appear to be more vulnerable to extinction .

A

Amphibians

74
Q

More than ___ species worldwide are facing the threat of extinction .

A

15,500

75
Q

Presently , ___% of al bird species , ___ % of MAMMAL species , __% of amphibian species , ___% of gymnos species in the world face the threat of extinction .

A

12%
23%
32%
31%

76
Q

During the long period of ____yrs , there have been ___ episodes of mass extinction .

A

> 3 billion

5

77
Q

How is the 6th mass extinction diff from the previous episodes ?

A

Diff is in rates

Current rates are estimated to be 100 to 1000 times faster

78
Q

Ecologists warn that if present rates continue , ____ species on earth would be wiped out within the next 100 yrs .

A

Half

79
Q

Loss of biodiversity in a region may lead to -

A

1) decline in plant production
2) lower resistance to environmental perturbations , ex -droughts
3) inc variability in certain ecosystem processes - ex -plant productivity , water use , pest and disease cycles

80
Q

Loss of biodiversity ,may lead to ____ in certain ecosystem processes such as plant productivity , water use and pest and disease cycles .

A

Inc variability

81
Q

The major causes of loss of biodiversity due to humans is called _____ .

A

Evil quartet

82
Q

_____ is the most imp cause drivin animals and plants to extinction .

A

Habitat loss

& fragmentation

83
Q

The most dramatic examples of habitat loss and fragmentation comes from _____ .

A

Tropical rain forest

84
Q

Once covering more than __% of earth’s land area , these rainforests now cover no more than __% .

A

14%

6%

85
Q

By the time we finish reading the chapter , ____ more hectares of rain forest would have been lost .

A

1000

86
Q

Amazon rainforest is being cut and cleared for the cultivation of ____ or for______

A

Soyabean

Conversion to grasslands for raising beef cattle

87
Q

when____ are broken up into ___ due to various human activities , mammals ams birds req large territories and certain animals with ___ are badly affected , leading to population declines .

A

Large habitats
Small fragments
Migratory birds

88
Q

Many species extinction int he last 500 yrs like STELLER’S SEA COW and PASSENGER PIGEON were due to _____. .

A

Over exploitation by humans

89
Q

Presently many ____ population around the world are over harvested .

A

Marine fish

90
Q

Nile perch introduced into lake Victoria is an example of -

A

Alien species invasion

91
Q

The Nile perch introduces into _____ in ____ led eventually to the extinction of ecologically unique assemblage of _____ species of ____ in the LAKE .

A

Lake Victoria
EAST Africa
>200 species
Cichlid fish

92
Q

Name 3 invasive weed species -

A 
Carrot grass ( Parthenium )
Lantana
Water hyacinth ( eicchornia )
93
Q

The recent illegal introduction of the ______ , _____ for AQUACULTURE purpose is posing a threat to the _____ in our rivers .

A

African catfish - clarias gariepinus

Indigenous catfishes

94
Q

When a species becomes extinct , the plant and animal associated with it in an _____ way also become extinct .

A

Obligatory

95
Q

When a host fish species becomes extinct , its ____ also meet the same fate.

A

Unique assemblage of parasites

96
Q

Example of co-extinction -

A

Coevolve plant-pollinator mutualism

97
Q

Arguments for conserving biodiversity ?

A

3
Narrow utilitarian
Broadly utilitarian
Ethical

98
Q

The narrowly utilitarian arguments for conserving biodiversity is related to-

A

Humans derive countless direct benefits from nature - food , firewood,fibre, construction material ,industrial products and products of medicinal importance .

99
Q

More than ___ % of drugs sold in the markets worldwide are derived from plants .

A

25%

100
Q

____species of plants contribute to the traditional Medicine used by. Natives .

A

25,000

101
Q

With inc resources put into ____ , nations endowed with rich biodiversity can expect to reap enormous benefits .

A

Bioprospecting

102
Q

Bioprospecting is exploring ___ , ____and ____ diversity for products of ____ importance .

A

Molecular
Genetic
Species
Economic

103
Q

The ___argument says that biodiversity plays a major role in many ecosystem services that nature provides .

A

Broadly utilitarian

104
Q

The fast dwindling Amazon rainforest is estimated to produce , through photosynthesis , ___% of the total OXYGEN in the earth’s atm .

A

20%

105
Q

What all comes under broadly utilitarian argument -

A

Oxygen by amazon

Pollination

106
Q

The ___relates to what we owe to millions of plant , animal and microbe species with whom we share this planet .

A

Ethical argument for conserving biodiversity

107
Q

She we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem , its ___at __levels is protected .

A

Biodiversity

All

108
Q

We save the_____ to save the tiger .

A

Entire forest

109
Q

When there a situation where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened , _____ is the desirable approach .

A

Ex-situ (off-site)

110
Q

In situation conservation is needed when the number of species waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the _____ .

A

Conservation resources available

111
Q

Conservationists have identified for maximum protection certain ____ .

A

Biodiversity hotspots

112
Q

Hotspots are going with very high levels of _____ and high ______ .

A

Species richness

Degree of endemism ( not found anywhere else )

113
Q

Initially ____ hotspots were identifies bu subsequently ,___more have been added .

A

25

9=34

114
Q

Hotspots are. Regions of accelerated ____.

A

Habitat loss

115
Q

Hotspots in India -

A

3
Western ghats and SRI Lanka 🇱🇰
Indo-Burma
Himalaya

116
Q

All the biodiversity hotspots put together cover ___% of the earth’s land area .

A

< 2%

117
Q

Protection of hotspots could reduce ongoing mass extinction by ____% .

A

30%

118
Q

In India, ecologically unique ad biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as ____,___and _____ .

A

Biosphere reserves
National parks
Sanctuaries

119
Q

India has ___biosphere reserves , __national parks and _____wildlife sanctuaries .

A

14
90
448

120
Q

Sacred groves are found in ____ hills in ____ .

A

Khasi and Jaintia hills

Meghalaya

121
Q

Sacred groves are found in ______ in Meghalaya,_____ in Rajasthan , ______ region of Karnataka and Maharashtra .

A

Khasi and jaintiya hills
Aravalli hills
Western ghats

122
Q

Sacred grooves are found in ____,____and_____ areas of NADH ya Pradesh .

A

Sarguja
Chanda
Bastar

123
Q

In ______, sacred grooves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened PLANTS .

A

Meghalaya

124
Q

Wildlife safari parks are an example of -

A

Ex-situ conservation

125
Q

Seeds of diff genetic strains of commercially imp plants cab be kept for long periods in ______.

A

Seed banks

126
Q

______of threatened species can be preserved in ____and__conditions for long periods using cryopreservation tech , eggs can be fertilised _____ and plants can be propagated using _____ .

A 
Gametes 
Viable 
Fertile 
In-vitro
Tissue culture methods .
127
Q

__knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations .

A

Biodiversity

128
Q

The historic convection on biological diversity was called _____ and was held in ____ in year ____ .

A

The earth summit
Rio de Janeiro
1992

129
Q

The earth summit held in Rio de Janeiro called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for ______.

A

Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits .

130
Q

A follow of the earth summit was held in ___ in the year ____ .

A

Johannesburg ,South Africa

2002

131
Q

___Was held in Johannesburg ,S.Africain 2002 .

A

World summit on sustainable development ( follow f of earth summit )

132
Q

In the lord summit for sustainable development , ___ countries pledged their commitment to achieve by ___ , a significant reduction in the current rate of BIODIVERSITY loss at global , regional and local level .

A

190

2010

Human Health (8 decks)

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