Biodiversity And Conservation Flashcards
There are more than __species of ants , ____ species of beetles , ____ species of fishes and ______species of orchids .
🐜- 20,000
🐞-3,00,000
🐠-28,000
🌺-20,000
In our biosphere , diversity ( heterogeneity ) exists at ____levls .
Species level and at every level of organisation
Biodiversity is the term popularized by __,_____ to describe the combined diversity at all levels of biological organisation .
Sociobiologist
Edward Wilson
The most important types of diversity -
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecological diversity
The genetic variation shown by the medicinal plant _____ growing in DIFF HIMALAYAN RANGES might be in terms of _____ and ____ .
Rouwolfia vomitoria
Potency
Conc of activ chemicals ( RESERPINE ) that the plant produces
India has more than _____ GENETICALLY diff strains of RICE .
50,000
India has ______ varieties of mango at _____ level .
1000
Genetic level
Rouwolfia vomtoris shows which level of diversity -
Genetic
____ have a greater amphibian species diversity than _____ .
Western ghats
Eastern ghats
Diversity in the diff strains of rice is _____ .
Genetic
At the ecological (ecosystem ) level , India win its _____ has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandavian county like Norway .
Deserts Rain forests Mangroves Coral reefs Wetlands Estuaries Alpine meadows
According to IUCN. (2004 ), total number of species DESCRIBED so far is -
1.5 million
For many taxonomic groups , species inventories are more complete in ___ than in __countries .
Temperate
Tropical 🌴
What are the extreme estimates of the NUMBER OF SPECIES ON EARTH -
20-50 million
A more conservative and scientifically sound estimate given by _____places the GLOBAL SPECIES DIVERSITY at about ______ .
Robert may
7 million
Western ghats have a greater ______ diversity of amphibians than eastern ghats .
Species
More than __% of all species recorded so far are animals , while plants (fungi,algae,bryophytes,gymno,angio) comprise no more than ____ 5 of total .
70%
22%
Among animals ____ are the most species-rich taxonomic groups , making more than ___% of the total .
Insects
70%
Out of every 10 animals on this planet , _____are insects .
7
The number of __species is more than the combined total of the species of FISHES, AMPHIBIANS , REPTILES , MAMMALS .
Fungi
Among vertebrates ___are most abundant .
Fishes
After fungi , ___are most abundant among plants .
Angios
sequence( ACW) - fungi -algae -lichens -angios -ferns -mosses
Pie chart for invertebrates -
Insects -other groups -crustaceans - molluscs
ACW
Pie chart for vertebrates -
Fishes -amphibians -reptiles -birds- mammals
ACW
These estimates do not give any figures for ____ . Biologists are not sure about how many _____ species exist .
Prokaryotes
Prokaryote
The problem of conventional taxonomic methods -
Not suitable for identifying microbial species and many species re simply not culturable under lab conditions
Although India has __% of the world’s land area , its share of global species diversity is an impressive __% .
- 4%
8. 1%
India is one of the ___ mega diversity countries .
12
Nearly has _____species of plants and _____ of animals have been recorded in India .
45,000
Twice ( 45,000* 2 ) animal species
According to MAY’s estimate , only ___ of the total species have been recorded so far in India .
22% ( 22% of45,000 + 90,000)
Applying may’s estimate , there are ____ species of plants and __animals waiting to be discovered .
1,00,000
3,00,000
The diversity of plants and animals is not __throughout the world , rather shows ___distribution .
Uniform
Uneven
The well-known pattern in diversity is -
Latitudinal diversity
In general , species diversity ____as we move form equator towards the pole .
Dec
With few exceptions , __harbour more species than ____ areas .
Tropics
Temperate or polar
The latitudinal Range of tropics is from -
- 5 degree N
23. 5 degree S
_____located near equator has nearly __species of birds .
Columbia
1,400
New York located at __degree N has __seocies of birds .
41 N
105
Greenland at__degree N has __species of birds .
71 degree N
56
India , with much of its lan in __latitudes has __species of birds .
Tropical
1,200
A forest in a tropical region like _____ has upto ____TIMES as many species of VASCULAR plants than a forest in temperate region like _____ .
Equador
10
Midwest of USA
The largely TROPICAL _____in _ has the greatest biodiversity in the world .
Amazon rainforest
South AMERICA
Amazon rainforest is home to __species of plants , ___ of fishes , ____ of birds, ____ of mammals , _____of amphibians ,_____of reptiles and more than _____invertebrates .
🌱- 40,000 🐟-3000 🦅-1,300 🐘- 427 🐸-427 🦎-378 Invertebrates - 1,25,000
What is so special about tropics that might account for their greater diversity ?
Hypothesis -
SPECIATION IS GENERALLY A FUNCTION OF TIME , unlike temperate regions subjected to freq glaciations in the past , TROPICAL LATITUDES have remained undisturbed for millions of yrs .
TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS , unlike temperate ones are LESS SEASONAL ,relatively MORE CONSTANT and PREDICTABLE .
MORE SOLAR ENERGY is available in the tropics
Constant environments promote _____ and lead to ___ .
Niche specialization
Greater species diversity
More solar energy contribute to higher ____ , this in turn might contribute indirectly to ____ .
Productivity
Greater diversity
____regions were subjected to freq glaciations in the past .
Temperate
Tropics are less ____ and more ____ .
Seasonal
Constant and predictable
Species -area relationships is given by -
Alexander on humboldt
Curing his pioneering and extensive explorations in the wilderness of____ jungles , the great ___NATURALIST and GEOGRAPHER Alexander Von humboldt observed that within a region , SPECIES RICHNESS INC WITH _____ , but only upto a certain limit .
South American
German
Increasing explored area
The relation btw SPECIES RICHNESS and AREA for a wide vary of taxa( angios,birds,bats,freshwater fishes) turns out to be a ____ .
Rectangular hyperbola
On a log scale , the region ship btw species richness and area is a______ described by the equation ___C.
Straight line
Log S= log C + Z log A
(S-species richness , A-area, Z=slope, C= Y-intercept )
In the relationship , Z stands for _____ and ecologists have discovered that the value of Z lies in the range of ____ , regardless of the taxonomic grp pr the region .
Slope of the line ( regression coefficient ) =Z
0.1-0.2
The value of Z for the plants in Britain is _____, for birds in California is ____ or molluscs in New York State is ______ .
Same in all
0.1-0.2
If we analyse the species -area relationship for very large areas like the ENTIRE CONTINENT , the slop of regression is found to be ______ . The value of Z =______ .
Much steeper
0.6-1.2
For frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of diff continents , the slope is found to be ____ .
1.15
Conditions for STABILITY of a biological community -
Should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year
Must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances (man-made and natural)
Resistant to alien species
______ ‘s long-term ecosystem exp using outdoor plots provide clues for the link new .species richness and stable community .
David tilman’s
Tilan found that _____ showed less year-to year variation in total biomass .
Plots with more species
What other things did Tillman show in his exp ?
Inc diversity contributed to higher productivity
David Tillman performed ___exp using ______ .
Long-term ecosystem exp
Outdoor plots
How can we get an idea that species richness contributes to well-being of an ecosystem ?
Rivet pop hypothesis
Rivet popper hypothesis was given by ____ ecologist _____ .
Stanford
Paul Ehrlich
Aero plane is considered the ____ and rivets are considered _____ .
Ecosystem
Species
Which _____is removed may also be critical .
Rivet
Loss of rivets on the _____ is a more serious threat . Why ?
Wings ( key species )
Becoz they drive major ecosystem functions
The colonization of tropical PACIFIC ISLANDS by humans is said to have led to the extinction of more than____species of _____ .
2,000
Birds
The IUCN red list ( 2004 ) documents the extinction of ____ species in the last 500 yrs .
784
Among the 784 stitches species , ____ are vertebrates , ____ invertebrates ,____ plants .
338
359
87
Some examples of event extinctions include -_____from MAURITIUS 🇲🇺 , ____ from AFRICA , _____ from AUSTRALIA 🇦🇺 ,_______ from RUSSIA 🇷🇺 .
Dodo
Quagga
Thylacine
Stellar sea cow 🐄
__species of tiger have become extinct recently . Name -
3
Bali
Javan
Caspian
The last 20 yrs alone has witnessed the disappearance of __species .
27
Some groups like ____ appear to be more vulnerable to extinction .
Amphibians
More than ___ species worldwide are facing the threat of extinction .
15,500
Presently , ___% of al bird species , ___ % of MAMMAL species , __% of amphibian species , ___% of gymnos species in the world face the threat of extinction .
12%
23%
32%
31%
During the long period of ____yrs , there have been ___ episodes of mass extinction .
> 3 billion
5
How is the 6th mass extinction diff from the previous episodes ?
Diff is in rates
Current rates are estimated to be 100 to 1000 times faster
Ecologists warn that if present rates continue , ____ species on earth would be wiped out within the next 100 yrs .
Half
Loss of biodiversity in a region may lead to -
1) decline in plant production
2) lower resistance to environmental perturbations , ex -droughts
3) inc variability in certain ecosystem processes - ex -plant productivity , water use , pest and disease cycles
Loss of biodiversity ,may lead to ____ in certain ecosystem processes such as plant productivity , water use and pest and disease cycles .
Inc variability
The major causes of loss of biodiversity due to humans is called _____ .
Evil quartet
_____ is the most imp cause drivin animals and plants to extinction .
Habitat loss
& fragmentation
The most dramatic examples of habitat loss and fragmentation comes from _____ .
Tropical rain forest
Once covering more than __% of earth’s land area , these rainforests now cover no more than __% .
14%
6%
By the time we finish reading the chapter , ____ more hectares of rain forest would have been lost .
1000
Amazon rainforest is being cut and cleared for the cultivation of ____ or for______
Soyabean
Conversion to grasslands for raising beef cattle
when____ are broken up into ___ due to various human activities , mammals ams birds req large territories and certain animals with ___ are badly affected , leading to population declines .
Large habitats
Small fragments
Migratory birds
Many species extinction int he last 500 yrs like STELLER’S SEA COW and PASSENGER PIGEON were due to _____. .
Over exploitation by humans
Presently many ____ population around the world are over harvested .
Marine fish
Nile perch introduced into lake Victoria is an example of -
Alien species invasion
The Nile perch introduces into _____ in ____ led eventually to the extinction of ecologically unique assemblage of _____ species of ____ in the LAKE .
Lake Victoria
EAST Africa
>200 species
Cichlid fish
Name 3 invasive weed species -
Carrot grass ( Parthenium ) Lantana Water hyacinth ( eicchornia )
The recent illegal introduction of the ______ , _____ for AQUACULTURE purpose is posing a threat to the _____ in our rivers .
African catfish - clarias gariepinus
Indigenous catfishes
When a species becomes extinct , the plant and animal associated with it in an _____ way also become extinct .
Obligatory
When a host fish species becomes extinct , its ____ also meet the same fate.
Unique assemblage of parasites
Example of co-extinction -
Coevolve plant-pollinator mutualism
Arguments for conserving biodiversity ?
3
Narrow utilitarian
Broadly utilitarian
Ethical
The narrowly utilitarian arguments for conserving biodiversity is related to-
Humans derive countless direct benefits from nature - food , firewood,fibre, construction material ,industrial products and products of medicinal importance .
More than ___ % of drugs sold in the markets worldwide are derived from plants .
25%
____species of plants contribute to the traditional Medicine used by. Natives .
25,000
With inc resources put into ____ , nations endowed with rich biodiversity can expect to reap enormous benefits .
Bioprospecting
Bioprospecting is exploring ___ , ____and ____ diversity for products of ____ importance .
Molecular
Genetic
Species
Economic
The ___argument says that biodiversity plays a major role in many ecosystem services that nature provides .
Broadly utilitarian
The fast dwindling Amazon rainforest is estimated to produce , through photosynthesis , ___% of the total OXYGEN in the earth’s atm .
20%
What all comes under broadly utilitarian argument -
Oxygen by amazon
Pollination
The ___relates to what we owe to millions of plant , animal and microbe species with whom we share this planet .
Ethical argument for conserving biodiversity
She we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem , its ___at __levels is protected .
Biodiversity
All
We save the_____ to save the tiger .
Entire forest
When there a situation where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened , _____ is the desirable approach .
Ex-situ (off-site)
In situation conservation is needed when the number of species waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the _____ .
Conservation resources available
Conservationists have identified for maximum protection certain ____ .
Biodiversity hotspots
Hotspots are going with very high levels of _____ and high ______ .
Species richness
Degree of endemism ( not found anywhere else )
Initially ____ hotspots were identifies bu subsequently ,___more have been added .
25
9=34
Hotspots are. Regions of accelerated ____.
Habitat loss
Hotspots in India -
3
Western ghats and SRI Lanka 🇱🇰
Indo-Burma
Himalaya
All the biodiversity hotspots put together cover ___% of the earth’s land area .
< 2%
Protection of hotspots could reduce ongoing mass extinction by ____% .
30%
In India, ecologically unique ad biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as ____,___and _____ .
Biosphere reserves
National parks
Sanctuaries
India has ___biosphere reserves , __national parks and _____wildlife sanctuaries .
14
90
448
Sacred groves are found in ____ hills in ____ .
Khasi and Jaintia hills
Meghalaya
Sacred groves are found in ______ in Meghalaya,_____ in Rajasthan , ______ region of Karnataka and Maharashtra .
Khasi and jaintiya hills
Aravalli hills
Western ghats
Sacred grooves are found in ____,____and_____ areas of NADH ya Pradesh .
Sarguja
Chanda
Bastar
In ______, sacred grooves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened PLANTS .
Meghalaya
Wildlife safari parks are an example of -
Ex-situ conservation
Seeds of diff genetic strains of commercially imp plants cab be kept for long periods in ______.
Seed banks
______of threatened species can be preserved in ____and__conditions for long periods using cryopreservation tech , eggs can be fertilised _____ and plants can be propagated using _____ .
Gametes Viable Fertile In-vitro Tissue culture methods .
__knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations .
Biodiversity
The historic convection on biological diversity was called _____ and was held in ____ in year ____ .
The earth summit
Rio de Janeiro
1992
The earth summit held in Rio de Janeiro called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for ______.
Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits .
A follow of the earth summit was held in ___ in the year ____ .
Johannesburg ,South Africa
2002
___Was held in Johannesburg ,S.Africain 2002 .
World summit on sustainable development ( follow f of earth summit )
In the lord summit for sustainable development , ___ countries pledged their commitment to achieve by ___ , a significant reduction in the current rate of BIODIVERSITY loss at global , regional and local level .
190
2010
