Microbes In Human Welfare Flashcards
___ are present every where , even where no other life forms could possibly exist , such as thermal vents ( geysers ) , deep in the soil , under the layers of snow several meters thick and in highly acidic environments .
Microbes
What all comes under microbes ?
Protozoa Bacteria Fungi Microscopic animals Plant viruses
Microbes like ___and ____ can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies .
Bacteria
Fungi
Adenovirus causes _____ .
Respiratory infections
Microorganisms such as ___and others ,commonly called ____ grow in milk and convert it into curd .
Lactobacillus
LAB - lactic acid bacteria
During growth , the LAB produce ____ that __and ____ the MILK PROTEINS.
Acids
Coagulate
Partially digest
A small amt of curd added to the milk as ___ contains millions of LAB , which at ______ multiply , thus converting milk to curd .
Inoculum /starter
Suitable temperature
Curd is more nutritious becoz of the presence of -
Vit B12
In our stomach , LAB plays a beneficial role in _____ .
Checking disease -causing microbes
The dough which is used to make dosa and idli is also fermented by ____ .
Bacteria
The puffed up appearance of dough ( of idli and dosa fermented using bacteria )is due to the production of -
CO2 gas
The dough which is used to make bread is fermented using ____ .
Fungi Sacchromyces cerevcae ( baker’s yeast )
Toddy , a traditional drink of some parts of SOUTHERN INDIA is made by ____ .
Fermenting sap from plants
Microbes are also used to ferment ____ , ____ and ____ to make foods .
Fish
Soyabean
Bamboo -shoots
_____is the oldest food item in which microbes were used .
Cheese
Diff varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic _,___ and ___ . The specificity comes from ____ .
Texture
Flavor
Taste
Microbe used
Large holes in Swiss cheese are due to production of a large amt of ___ by ____ .
CO2
Bacterium - propionibacterium sharmanii
The ____ cheese are ripened by growing a specific FUNGI on them , which gives them a particular flavor .
Roquefort
Production on industrial scale , req growing microbes in very large vessels called -
Fermentors
for making beverages ( wine ,beer ) _____ is used .
Sachcromyces cerevicae ( brewer’s yeast )
Brewer’s yeast is used for fermenting ___ and ___ to produce ____ .
Malted cereals
Fruit juices
Ethanol
Depending on the type of ____ and the type of ____ , diff types of alcoholic drinks are obtained .
Raw material used for fermentation
Processing ( with or without distillation )
____and ___ are produced without distillation .
Wine
Beer
Drinks produced by distillation of fermented broth -
Whisky
Brandy
rum
Antibiotics mean ____in the context of ____ .
Against life
Disease causing organisms
Alexander flemming while. Working on ___, once observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which _____could not grow .
Staphylococci bacteria
Staphylococci
The full potential of penicilluim notatum mould as an efffctive antibiotic was established much later ,by ____ and _____
Ernest chain
Howard florey
Penicillin was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in ____ .
World war 2
who all were awarded the Nobel prize in 1945 for the discovery of penicillin -
Fleming
Florey
Chain
Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as -
Plague
Whooping cough ( kali khansi )
Diphtheria ( gal ghotu )
Leprosy ( Kushan rog )
Aspergillus niger is a ___ and producer of __ .
Fungus
Citric acid
Producer of acetic acid is a ____ .
Bacterium
_____is used for the COMMERCIAL production of ethanol .
Yeast ( sachhromyces cervicae )
___ are used in DETERGENT FORMULATIONS and are helpful in ____ .
Lipases
Oily stains from laundry
Bottled fruit juices are clarified using ___ and ___ .
Pectinases
Proteases
Streptokinase is produced by___ and MODIFIED by ____ .
Bacterium streptococcus
Genetic engineering
____ is used as a clot buster for removing clots from the blood vesssels of patients who have undergone ______ leading to ___ .
Streptokinase
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack
Cyclosporine A , immunosuppressive in organ-transplant patients is produced by ___ , _____ .
Fungus
Trichoderma polysporum
__ produced by ___ have been commercialized as blood-cholesterol lowering agents .
Statins
Yeast - monascus purpureus
STATIN acts by ____ the enzyme responsible for synthesis of ____ .
COMPETITIVELY INHIBITING
CHOLESTEROL
Sewage contains a large amt of _____and ______ .
Organic matter
Microbes.
Before disposal , sewage is treated in ____ .
Sewage treatment plants ( STPs)
Treatment of waste water is done by the ___ microbes naturally present in the sewage . This treatment is done in how many stages .
Heterotrophic
2
Prim , sec
__ treatment involves PHYSICAL REMOVAL of particles - large and small - from the sewage through ____ and ____ .
Primary
Filtration
Sedimentation
In physical treatment , large and small are removed in which stages ?
1) initially , FLOATING DEBRIS
2) GRIT ( soil and small pebbles )
Floating debris is removed by ____ and grit is removed by ____ .
Sequential filtration
Sedimentation
All the solids that settle in the prim treatment form the ___ and the SUPERNATANT forms the _____ .
Prim SLUDGE
Effluent
The __from the prim settling tank is taken for sec treatment .
Effluent
The prim effluent is passed into _____ , where it is ____ and ____ is pumped into it .
Large aeration tanks
Constantly agitated MECHANICALLY
Air
Sec treatment is also called -
Biological treatment
Constant agitation and pumping of air allows vigorous growth of ______ into ___ .
Aerobic microbes
Flocs
Flocs are masses of ___ associated with ___ to form a mesh like structure .
Bacteria
Fungal filaments
While growing , flocs consume ______ in the ____ .
Major part of ORGANIC MATTER
in the EFFLUENT
__reduce the BOD of the effluent .
Growing flocs
BOD refers to the amt of oxygen that would be consumed if all the ___ in ___ water were oxidised by ___ .
Organic matter
1 L
Bacteria
The BOD test measures the rate of __ by microorganism in a sample of water .
Uptake of O2
BOD is a measure of __ present in water .
Organic matter
The greater the BOD of water , the more is its ______ .
Polluting potential
Once the BOD of sewage is reduced significantly , the effluent is passed into a ____ .
Settling tank
What happens in the settling tank ?
Bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment
The sedimented bacteria flocs in the SETTLING TANK is called ___ .
Activated sludge
A small part of ____ is pumped back into the ___tank to serve as inoculum .
Activated sludge
Aeration tank
Where is the major part of the activated sludge pumped ?
Large tanks - anaerobic sludge digesters
Activated sludge is pumped where ?
Small part - aeration tank
Major part -anaerobic sludge digester
Which type of bacteria grow in anaerobic sludge digester ?
Bacteria which Anaerobically digest bacteria and fungi in the sludge
When bacteria digest other bacteria and fungi in anaerobic sludge digesters , which gases are produced ?
Methane CH4
H2S
CO2
Which gases form hr biogas ?
Released from anaerobic sludge digester .
CH4
H2S
CO2
Biogas is used as a source of energy becoz it is _____ .
Inflammable
The effluent from ___ is generally released into natural water bodies like rivers and streams .
Secondary treatment plant
Till date , no man-made tech has been able to rival the ____ of sewage .
Microbial action
The ____ has initiated Ganga action plan and Yamuna action plan to save these major rivers of our country from pollution .
Ministry of environment and forests
In relation to fermentation of dough , cheese making and production of beverages , the main gas produced was-
CO2
Bacteria which grow ___ on ____ produce large amt of METHANE along with CO2 and H2O .
Anaerobically
Cellulose
Bacteria which Anaerobically produce CH4 along CO2 and H2 are called -
Example -
Methanogens
Metanobacterium
Methanogens are commonly found in the _____ during sewage treatment .
Anaerobic sludge
In rumen of cattle , a lot of ____ is present which is broken down by _____ , which plays an imp role in the _____ of cattle .
Cellulose
Methanogens
Nutrition
The _____of cattle is rich in methanogens .
Excreta / dung
The biogas plant consists of a ___tank which is __ m deep .
Concrete
10-15 m
In the biogas plant , ___is collected and a ___ is fed .
Bio-wastes
Slurry of dung
In biogas plant , a ___is placed over the SLURRY .
Floating cover
The floating cover keeps on rising when, _____ .
Gas is produced in the tank due to microbial activity
The ______ is removed through an outlet from the biogas tank and may be used as fertilizer .
Spent slurry
_____refers to the use of biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests .
Biocontrol
What are the problems faced due to biocontrol ?
Insecticides an pesticides - toxic to humans and animals
Weedicides - soil pollution
In agriculture , the method of controlling pests that relies on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals is called
Biological control / organic farming
A key belief of the organic farmer 👩🌾 is that -
BIODIVERSITY FURTHERS HEALTH
The more ____ , a landscape has , the more sustainable it is .
Variety
The ___ , therefore works to create a system where the insect that are sometimes called pests are not eradicated but instead , are kept at manageable levels by a complex system of checks and balances within a living and vibrant ecosystem .
Organic farmer 👨🌾 ( in organic farming )
Conventional farming practices often use methods to ___ .
Kill both useful and harmful life forms indiscriminately
The organic farmer holds the view that the eradication of pests is not only ___ but also ___ . Why ?
Possible
Undesirable
Becoz without them , the beneficiary predator and parasitic insects which depend upon them as food or hosts would not survive .
The use of BIOCONTROL measures will greatly reduce our _____ .
Dependence on toxic chemicals and pesticides
An important part of BIOLOGICAL /organic farming is to ___ .
Become familiar with the various life forms that inhabit the field , predators as well as pests and also their LIFE CYCLES , PATTERNS OF FEEDING and the HABITAT THAT THEY PREFER .
The ____is used to get rid of APHIDS in organic farming .
Ladybird - beetle with red and black markings
__Are used to get rid of mosquitoes .
Dragonflies
Microbial biocontrol agents that can be introduced to control _____ is the bacteria bacillus thuringenisis .
Butterfly caterpillars 🐛
Bt is available in sachets as __ which are mixed with __ and sprayed onto vulnerable plants .
Dried spores
Water
Bt is sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as __and ____ , where they are eaten by insect larvae .
Brassicas
Fruit trees
In the gut of the larvae which has eaten Bt , ____ is released and the insect gets killled .
Toxin
The __will kill the caterpillars and leave other insects unharmed .
Bacteria of Bt
Becoz of the development of methods of _____ in the last decade , scientists have introduced Bt toxin genes in plants .
Genetic engineering
What happens when Bt toxin genes are introduced into plants ?
They become resistant to attack by insects 🐞
A biological control being developed for use in the treatment of plant disease is the _______ .
Fungus TRICHODERMA
Trichoderma species are __fungi that are very common in _____ .
FREE-LIVING
Root ecosystem
Trichoderma species are effective biocontrol agents of ____ .
Several plant pathogens
_____ are pathogens that attract INSECTS and OTHER ARTHROPODS .
Baculoviruses
The majority of baculoviruses used as BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS are in the GENUS ____ .
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
Nucleopolyhedrovirus are excellent candidates for _____ specific , ____ spectrum ______ applications .
Species
Narrow
Insecticidal
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Have been show to have no negative impacts on ______.
Plants Mammals Birds Fish Non-target insects
_____ is especially desirable when beneficial insects are being conserved to aid in an overall IPM ( INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT )programme. .or when ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREA IS BEING TREATED .
No negative impact of nucleopolyhedrovirus on plants , animals , birds , fish and non -target insects .
Nucleopolyhedrovirus is the name of a ____ . Baculoviruses is the name of ____ .
Genus
Pathogen
Due to the problems associated with chemical fertilisers , there is a large pressure to switch to ____ - the use of ____ .
Organic farming
Biofertilisers
Biofertilisers are organisms that __
Enrich the nutrient quality of soil
The main sources of biofertilisers are -
Bacteria
Fungi
Cyanobacteria
Models on the roots of leguminous plants are formed by the ____ association of rhizobium .
Symbiotic
Bacteria which can fix N2 while free -living in the soil are -
Azospirillum
Azotobacter
Many members of the GENUS_______ form mycorrhiza .
Glomus
Glomus is the name of a. ____ .
Genus
The fungal symbionts in mycorrhizal association does _____
Absorbs P from soil and passes it to the plant
Plants having mycorrhizal associations show which other benefits ?
Resistance to ROOT BORNE PATHOGENS
tolerance to SALINITY and DROUGHT
overall increase in PLANT GROWTH
Cyanobacteria are ____ microbes widely distributed in _____environments
Autotrophic
Terrestrial and aquatic environments both
Examples of Cyanobacteria
Anabaena
Nostoc
Oscillator is
In paddy fields , ____ serve as an important BIOFERTILISER .
Cyanobacteria
BGA add ____ to soil and inc its fertility
Organic matter
