VT150 | Microbiology > Organism Review > Flashcards
Organism Review Flashcards
Staphylococci is what type of bacteria?
Gram (+) Cocci
Define: Enterotoxins
GI Toxins
Define: Hemolysins
Lipids & Proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells
Define: Hyaluronidase
An enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid in the body
Define: Coagulase (+) organisms
An organisms that can clot plasma
Define: Pyogenic Cocci
Supportive Cocci
Pneumococci
Gram/Coagulase (+) Pyogenic cocci
Streptococci
Gram/Coagulase (+) Pyogenic cocci
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram (+) Cocci
Toxic Shock Syndrome is caused by what bacteria?
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
Gram (+) Cocci
Greasy Pig Disease is caused by what bacteria?
Staphylococcal hyicus
Staphylococcal hyicus
Gram (+) Cocci
Staphylococcal epidermis
Gram (+) cocci
Staphylococcal saprophyticus
Gram (+) Cocci
Staphylococcal saprophyticus
Gram (+) cocci
Staphylococcal canosus
Gram (+) Cocci
MRSA stands for? & is caused by what bacteria?
Multiple Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci
Gram (+) cocci in chains or pairs
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram (+) Cocci chains/pairs
What bacteria is referred to as Flesh Eating Bacteria?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Gram (+) Cocci chains/pairs
What bacteria causes Strep Throat?
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Scarlet fever is caused by what bacteria?
Streptococcal pyogenes
Streptococcal pyogenes
Gram (+) Cocci chains/pairs
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram (+) Cocci chains/pairs
Streptococcus faecalis/Enterobacter faecalis
Gram (+) Cocci chains/pairs
Clostridium
Gram (+) Spore Forming Rod
Clostridium perfringens
Gram (+) Spore Forming Rod
Is Clostridium perfringens a zoonotic disease?
YES
Gastroenteritis is referring to which bacteria?
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
Gram (+) Spore Forming Rod
What is the Caustative agent of “Tetanus”
Clostridium tetani
Bacillus anthracis
Gram (+) Spore Forming Rod
Listeria
Small Gram + Rod
Corynebacteria
Gram + non spore forming pleomorphic rod
Cornebacteriunm diptheriae
Gram + non spore forming pleomorphic rod
Enterobacteria
◦ All Gram - rods
◦ Facultative anaerobes
◦ Normal flora of digestive symptoms
Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Gram - rod
What serotype of E. coli is pathogenic to humans?
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli 0157:H7
What form of E. coli is called Travelers Diarrhea?
Enterotoxigenic E.coli
Salmonella
Gram (-) Rod
Causative agent of Salmonella?
Salmonellosis and/or Salmonella Gastroenteritis
What are the 2 groups of Salmonella?
Two major infectious groups:
1. Septic:
Invasive and high mortality rate
Diseases: S. typhimurium &/or S. dublin
- Enteric:
Affects intestinal tract and causes diarrhea & dehydration
Salmonella typhi
Gram (-) Rod
Typhoid Fever is the slang name for?
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi is normal what flora for humans?
Normal GI Flora
Salmonella typhi is transmitted?
Human to human Only through feces
Klebsiella
Gram (-) Rod. Really motile
Pneumonia causative agent is?
Klebsiella pneuomoniae
Klebsiella is normal ___ flora?
GI flora
Shigella
Gram (-) Rod
Shigella sonnei is the causative agent for what disease?
Shigellosis
Shigella is normal what flora?
Normal GI Flora
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent for what disease?
Bacillary Dysentery
Shigella affect what species?
Affects the intestinal tract of humans, apes, & monkeys
Serratia
Gram (-) Rod
Pseudomonas
◦ Aerobe
◦ Gram (-) Rod
◦ Opportunistic pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram (-) Rod
Brucella abortus
◦ Gram (-) Rod
◦ Non-Motile
◦ Zoonotic Pathogen
Brucella abortus is the causative agent for which disease?
Brucellosis
Brucella abortus can be transmitted through?
Unpasteurized milk of cattle & goats
Vibrio chloerae
Gram (-) Rod that is slightly curved
Francisella tularensis
Gram (-) Pleomorphic Rod
Facultative Anaerobe
Pasteurella multocida
Gram (-) Rod
◦ Causative agent: Pasteurellosis
◦ Zoonotic
Bartonella henselae
◦ Gram (-) Rod
◦ Aerobic
◦ Zoonotic
◦ Normal flora found in cats saliva therefore it will be found all over there body since cats groom themselves including their nails
Campylobacterr
◦ Gram (-) Spirochete
◦ Zoonotic
◦ Causative agent for: Campylobacter enteritis & Campylobacter jejuni
Leptospirosis bacteria is?
Leptospira interrogans
Gram (-) Spirochete
Lyme Disease bacteria is?
Borrelia burgdorferi
Gram (-) Spirochete
Vibrio chloerae Is transmitted to what species & how?
Human to human pathogen
◦ Transmitted through fecal contamination of food and/or waterborne
What is the reservoir for Vibrio chloerae
Shellfish
What toxin is produce by Vibrio chloerae
Produce an endotoxin called: Coleragen
Francisella tularensis is the Causative agent for what disease?
Tularemia
what bacteria causes cat scratch fever?
Bartonella henselae
Bubonic Plague bacteria is?
Yersinia Pestis
Gram (-) Rod
Facultative Anaerobe
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium
Acid Fast Bacteria
Slender Rod Shape
Obligate Aerobe
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium causes what disease?
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium is transmitted how?
Aerosolized. Acquired through inhalation
◦ Can survive for weeks in dried sputum
What is the infection process for Tuberculosis?
◦ Most Healthy people defeat the potentional infection with activated macrophages
◦ If infection progresses the host will still be asymptomatic and the body isolates the pathogen in a walled-off lesions called “Tubercle”.
◦ Those lesions slowly heal and become calcified and can actually be seen on X-rays as white/opaque lesions called “Ghon Complexes”. Host is still asymptomatic at this point. Possible for the host to get better after this without progressing to worse symptoms.
◦ The disease can progress if the body’s defenses begin to fail and the tubercles break down and release virulent bacilli into the airways and cardiovascular system causing the host to begin feeling sick - having difficulty breathing, coughing up blood, weight loss, general loss of vigor. At this point the host is highly contagious. The disseminated infection is now called: “Miliary Tuberculosis” which is essentially the active form of the infection when clinical signs/symptoms begins to be expressed.
‣ Other terminology of the disease is called: General Consumption &/or Consumption
Rickettsia rickettsii
• Disease:
◦ Tickborne typhus
◦ Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever
• Vector: Tick
◦ Wood Tick in Western USA
◦ Dog Tick in Eastern USA
• Reservoir of the disease: Dogs
Rickettsia prowazekii
• Rickettsia
• Disease: Typhus
• Vector: Lice
• Reservoirs: Humans, Squirrel, & Squirrel Fleas
• Stays dormant for long periods
◦ Humans can carry the organisms for years in a latent infection allowing for partial immunity against the infection therefore when the disease becomes active it will be a milder form of the disease which is called “Brill’s Disease”
Rickettsia typhi is considered? & causes what disease? Zoonotic or not?
Rickettsia
Disease: Endemic murine typhus
Zoonotic
Rickettsia akari is considered? & causes what disease? Zoonotic or not?
Rickettsia
• Disease: Rickettsial Pox
• Zoonotic
• Transmission: House Mouse bite by Lice
Rickettsia are?
∆ Rickettsia are obligate intracellular parasites of Eucaryotes
∆ Transmission: Arthropod Vectors
∆ Infect the endothelial cells of the vascular system
∆ Resulting inflammation causes local blockage & rupture of small blood vessels
Chlamydia
∆ Gram (-) Obligate Intracellular Bacterium
∆ Cannot be labeled as a Rickettsia because they do not require a bite to transfer the disease
∆ Transmitted via aerolized
Chlamydia psittaci is considered? & causes what disease? Zoonotic or not?
Chlamydia
• Zoonotic
• Affects both Humans & Birds
• Causes the disease: Ornithosis
◦ Also called Parrot Fever &/or Psitticosis
• Tranmission:
◦ Infected birds passed through feces as the stool is liquid but dries and becomes crumbly which is easy to inhale especially when cleaning cages
◦ Can exist in birds as a latent infections and become active/overt when the bird is stressed due to overcrowding and/or unsanitary conditions.
• Symptoms:
◦ Form of Pneumonia, Fever, Headache, & Chills
◦ Disease in both birds & humans can be mild to fatal.
‣ Humans can get Pneumonia from inhalation of infected fecal material/matter
• Treatment: Tetracycline
Chlamydia pneumoniae is considered? & causes what disease? Zoonotic or not?
Chlamydia
• Transmission: Respiratory secretions
• Causes disease: Mild “Walking Pneumonia”
• Affects young adults
• Symptoms: Fever, headache & unproductive cough
• Treatment: Tetracycline
Coxiella burnetii is considered? & causes what disease? Zoonotic or not?
• Disease: Q Fever
• Zoonotic
• Obligate intracellular parasite, Athropod & Endospore capability
◦ since its an obligate intracellular parasite it should be classified as a Rickettsia and a Chlamydia but remember Rickettsia can only be transmitted through an Arthroprod and Chlamydia can only be transmitted through the air.
• Resistant & can survive in the environment
◦ even 60C for 2 hours due to endospore resting stage
• Transmission to humans: Via Air and/or through microbes shed from infected Cattle’s feces, milk, & urine
◦ Disease can be spread to humans by ingesting unpasteurized milk and by inhaling aerosols of the microbes
• Has the capability to produce an Arthropod Vector that transmit the pathogen to Cattle
◦ Subclinical infection in cattle
• Treatment: Tetracycline & Lincomycin for 12 months
Viruses
∆ Technically not alive
∆ Pieces of DNA & RNA
∆ Every cell has a virus that can infect it
Smallpox
*Virus
• Category of the disease virus: Variola Virus
• Transmitted: Respiratory inhalation and moves into the circulatory system and leads to a skin infection that causes lesions aka pox/pustules.
• First disease to be irriadicated in humans because of the vaccine created against it
◦ First disease to which immunity was artificially induced aka a Vaccine
◦ The first vaccine was created from the exudate of cow pustules/pox. “Vacca” Greek/Latin word for Cow
Chicken Pox & Shingles
• Virus
◦ Chicken Pox: Varicella
◦ Shingles: Herpes-Zoster
◦ Chicken Pox & Shingles: Varicella Zoster
• Chicken pox is when you contract the virus as a child resulting relatively mild childhood disease
◦ Low mortality rate
◦ Immunity for life once recovered
• Much more serious if contracted as an adult & if contracted during pregnancy serious fetal damage may occur but it results from an initial infection from the herpesvirus Varicella-zoster
• Transmitted: Enters body through respiratory system, localized in skin cells after about two weeks,
◦ Once the first pox shows up they are contagious
• Skin is vesicular for 3-4 days, vesicles fill with exudate, rupture and form a scab before healing.
◦ Lesions can occur on face, throat, lower back, chest and shoulder
Shingles
• Virus:
◦ Shingles: Herpes-Zoster
◦ Chicken Pox & Shingles: Varicella Zoster
• The primary infection of the chickenpox virus enters the peripheral nerve and moves to the dorsal root ganglion near the spine where it persist as viral DNA
◦ All herpesviruses can remain latent within the body for long periods of time
• Symptoms: Rash around the wasteline & body pain as the nerves keep sending impulses
◦ Virus can be reactivated due to stress or lower immune system. The virus moves along the peripheral nerves to cutaneous sensory nerves of the skin shingles
• Circulating antibodies cannot penetrate the nerve cell and no viral antigens are expressed on the cell surface therefore when a blood titer is done you would not see enough of the chicken pox antibodies to provide an efficient immune response/protection.
◦ Roughly 10 years is what they think the chickenpox antibodies will last after that its a good idea to get a titer done to see if you truly have enough antibodies
• Prevention: Live Attenuated Vaccine
◦ Childhood vaccine is called the Chickenpox vaccine
◦ Adult Vaccine is called the Shingles Vaccine
Common Cold
• Causative Virus: Many different viruses
◦ 50% Rhinoviruses
◦ 15-20% Coronaviruses
• Accumulate immunity against cold viruses during the lifetime that is why the older you get the less sick you get
◦ Unless you move to a new geographical area than you are exposed to new viruses
• Symptoms: Sneezing, Nasal secretions, Congestion, & Fever
• Treatment:
◦ Antibiotics are NOT effective.
◦ It takes 7-10 days to get over a the virus no matter
◦ the OTC cold meds are just easing the symptoms not necessarily treating any part of the virus
• Transmission:
◦ Sneezing, Nasal Secretions, & Congestion
‣ A single Rhinovirus is enough to cause a cold
• Treatment:
◦ Since its not bacterial but viral no antibiotics are effective.
◦ OTC cold meds do not treat the viral infection but rather help calm the symptoms but it still takes the body 7-10 days to recover
Influenza
• Also called “The Flu”
• Respiratory Virus
• Symptoms:
◦ Fever, Chills, Headache, General muscle aches
◦ Cold like symptoms appear as the fever subsides
• Treatment:
◦ ABX not effective
◦ Recovery usually occurs in a few days
• The Influenza virus has the capability of recombining RNA and creating antigenic shifts that are mutated variants of the virus
◦ Essentially the virus is capable of mutating into a completely new virus.
◦ This is how the Bird Flu in Asia happened
◦ This allows the virus to jump from animal to human
• Prevention:
◦ Flu Vaccines - Yearly vaccines are required because there is several strains of the influenza virus so each year the vaccine is actually formulated against the previous year influenza
‣ Multivalent is referring to a multi strain vaccine
‣ H1N1 strain of the influenza virus is the only specific viral strain of the influenza virus that has not mutated
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
• Virus: Hantavirus
• Zoonotic
• First observed by white people in 1993 in the Four Corners area of the US
◦ Navajos were aware of this virus long before this & had been asking for help
◦ Four Corners of the US are where Utah, Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico all touch/meet.
• Found everywhere around the world
• Reservoir: Rodents are the main reservoir especially the Deer Mouse.
• Pathogenicity:
◦ Fatal disease - 100% untreated
◦ 50% mortality rate w/ treatment
• Symptoms:
◦ Fever, muscle pain, headache, chills, naeusea, diarrhea leading to respiratory distress, hypotension and death
• Tranmission:
◦ Via inhalation of dried/dusty rodent droppings and/or urine
◦ Direction Transmission: Infected Rodent Bite
◦ Indirect Transmission: Touching contaminated surfaces & then touching your own face, nose, and mouth
◦ Most commonly happens with people who have cabins that go unused all winter long allowing rodents to find their way inside the cabin and when you go to the cabin in the spring/early summer & begin cleaning the old dried fecal/urine matter it begins to get aerosolized especially during sweeping.
• Treatment:
◦ Early diagnosis is viral for survival
◦ Supportive care w/ ventilators & O2 Therapy.
• Prevention/Control:
◦ Rodent Control, wear face masks/ventilators especially in heavily infestated rodent areas, air out cabins, barns, trailers prior to cleaning & use diluted bleach on rodent nest and/or rodents fecal/urine matter, try not to avoid stirring the air up while cleaning.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis & Western Equine Encephalitis
• Zoonotic
• Arborvirus: Arthropod-borne Virus
• EEEV found in Eastern & Northern Central US
• WEEV found in Western and Central US
• Reservoir: Wild Birds especially songbirds
• Arthropod: Mosquito
• Transmision: Mosquito bites infected bird then the mosquito bites the horse and/or human
• The virus attaches the lymphatic system first than begins replicating in the neutrophils and macrophages allowing the virus to travel to other tissues in the body. This virus specially likes the nervous tissue causing damage through lesions that compromise the nerves function
• Syndrome:
◦ Humans
◦ Birds:
◦ Horses
• Diagnosis:
• Treatment: None - Supportive Care
• Prevention/Control:
◦ Vaccination for horses is available
◦ Mosquito Control
◦ Drain boggy/marshy areas where mosquitos like to breed
◦ Keep horses inside during peak mosquito hours which is early evening
◦ Keep windows screen in both horse barns and homes
◦ Keep lights in barn off at night to reduce drawing mosquitoes in
◦ Use Mosquito repellent on both horses and humans
Contagious Ecthyma
*Virus
• Also called “Orf” and/or Soremouth
• Zoonotic
• Infectious dermatitis that affects primarily sheep, goats, and cattle that starts with the parapox virus causes lesions/sores often around the mouth and is highly resistant in the environment and the virus lives within the scab of the lesion and once the scab falls off the virus can still survive in the environment for years
• Causative Virus: Parapox Virus
• Symptoms/Syndrome: Causes lesions and/or sores often around the mouth
◦ Animals: Papule formation around lips, nostrils, eyelids, and ears of lams/kids, udders of older animals, the papules process into vesicles, than to pustules, than to scabs.
◦ Human: Papules on face, arms, and hands
• Tranmission:
• Control/Prevention:
Vesicular Stomatitis (VS)
• Caustative Virus/agent: Rhabdovirus
• Zoonotic
• Reportable
• Arborvirus meaning its an arthropod-borne virus
• Affects primarily cattle, horses, and swine
◦ Occasionally sheep, goats, and llamas
• The appearance of the symptoms can be confused with the more contagious disease called Foot and Mouth Disease
• Tranmission:
◦ Humans: Direct contact between infected animal and humans or inhalation of aerolsolized droplets
◦ Animals:
• Syndrome:
◦ Humans: Fever, headache, retro-orbital pain (headache behind your eye), Muscle aches, vesicle formation rarely occur in the mouth, pharynx, or hands.
◦ Animals: Fever, papule & vesicle formation in mouth, udders, interdigital spaces, coronary bands
• Control/Prevention:
◦ Quarantine
◦ Isolation of new animals
‣ Before allowing them interactions with your own animals
‣ Health Certficates when traveling and/or buying an animal from out of state
‣ Insect Control
‣ Protective Clothing & Gloves
West Nile Virus
• Causative Agent:
• Arborvirus
• Zoonotic Reportable Disease
• Vector: Mosquito
• Reservoirs: Wild Bird, (Crows, Blue Jays)
◦ Crows & Blue Jays are symptomatic carriers
◦ Perching birds, Common sparrows, & finches are natural reservoirs meaning that they do not get sick when infected with the virus but they are able to spread it.
• Transmission:
◦ ONLY through a bite from an infected mosquito. The Mosquito bites/feeds off an infected bird and than the mosquito is the one who actually transmits the virus to other birds, horses & humans.
◦ No known bird to human and/or animal transmission.
• Syndrome:
◦ Birds: Asymptomatic to disorientation, muscle tremors, & death
◦ Horses: Subclinical to lethargy, hundquarter weakness, seizures, & death
◦ Humans:Subclinical to flu like symptoms, arthralgia, myalgia, swollen lymph nodes, rash, can progress to meningoencephalitis & death
• Diagnosis:
◦ Serology, necropsy of dead birds, geographical location, season, & history
• Treatment:
◦ Supportive care, steroids to reduce inflammation of the meninges, antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections since abx do not work against viruses.
• Prevention/Control:
◦ Vaccine for horses not very common
◦ Mosquito Control
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
• Zoonotic Disease
• Most commonly called “Mad Cow Disease”
• Not technically a virus by its a “Prion” so therefore its an infected protein
• Progressive neurological disorder in cattle due to infectious protein particles known as Prions that are natural substance
• Prions: Modified forms of a normal proteins that become pathogenic & cause degeneration of the brain.
• Suspected to be manifested when cattle used to be fed bone meal from scrapie infected sheep
◦ Bone Meal: Ground up bone from a dead animal & fed as a calcium supplements
• Cause different diseases in different species but all of the different disease names
◦ Still caused from the same Prions
◦ Cattle: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
◦ Humans: Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
◦ Sheep & Goats: Scrapie
◦ Felines: Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy (FSE)
• Transmission:
◦ Controversial topic of transmission
◦ Inherited through eating infected meat while pregnant
◦ Ingesting infected meat
• Syndrome:
◦ Cattle: Very slow progressing disease
‣ Rarely see in cattle less than 2 years of age
‣ Apprehensiveness, nervousness, reluctance to turn corners or go through doorways, manic kicking, head shyness, high stepping faint, difficulty rising, skin tremors, loss of condition, & death
‣ Death occurs usually within 2 weeks of showing clinical signs
◦ Humans: Gradual progressive disease may take months to years to manifest
‣ Behavioral changes like euphoria & aggression, hypersensitivity to light & touch, ataxia, dementia, muscle tremors to move severe contractions/spasms, & death.
‣ Death usually within 6 months of the initial appearance of clinical signs
• Diagnosis:
◦ Diagnosed from examination of the brain tissue via autopsy and/or biopsy
◦ Humans:
‣ Probable cause diagnosis based on history
◦ Cattle:
‣ Clinical Signs & Symptoms & Necropsy.
• Treatment:
◦ Supportive care for humans only
◦ Slaughter of animals
• Prevention:
◦ Do NOT feed animals any part of their own species
◦ New laws (since 1997) banning sheep or goat product possibly containing nervous tissue or ovine protein- derived supplements to be fed to cattle
◦ Public health laws have been instituted to prevent prion infected tissues from entering human food supply
◦ Travelers are discouraged from eating beef and beef products in areas of high incidence
◦ Public awareness has risen over the years via the media
◦ Eat solid meat as opposed to mixed meat products such as sausage or hamburger in areas of high incidence
‣ Less processed meat has a lower chance of contamination
◦ Avoid eating brain tissue
◦ There is no evidence of BSE being transmitted by milk or milk products
Rabies
• Caustative Agent/Virus: Rhabdovirus
◦ Bullet Shaped
• Zoonotic Reportable Disease
• Transmission:
◦ Usually acquired through a bite from an infected animal
◦ Can be transmitted through an infected Bat feces matter & touching than touching your mouth, nose, eyes, etc.
• Reservoir: Bats in Washington State
◦ Raccoons, Skunks are other reservoirs in other states
• Once the virus enters the CNS it spreads rapidly throughout the nervous system and into the tissues.
• Proliferates in the salivary glands which is why it is usually spread through an animal bite
• Animal Symptoms:
◦ Initial phase:
‣ Behavioral changes – seeks isolation, stops eating and drinking, drools, lasts 1-3 days
◦ Excitative phase:
‣ Irrational and aggressive, loses fear and attacks without provocation, progresses to incoordination and seizures, death within 10 days
◦ Paralytic phase
‣ Animal is not aggressive, paralysis of throat and jaw muscles which causes profuse salivation because of the inability to swallow, dropping of lower jaw; progressive paralysis leads to death within 10 days
• Human symptoms:
◦ fever, headache, loss of appetite, convulsions, excessive flow of tears and saliva, insomnia, anxiety, maniacal behavior
◦ Clinical rabies results in the death of the patient, usually within 2-6 days
• Herbivore go straight to the paralytic phase
• Carnivores go through all three phases, Initial Phase, Excitative Phase, & Paralytic Phase.
• Treatment:
◦ Wild or domestic animals that bite a human should be captured and quarantined 8-10 days.
◦ Animals showing signs of rabies should be killed and either the intact animal or the head taken immediately to the public health laboratory. Brain cells are examined for the appearance of clusters of viral inclusion bodies.
• Prevention and Control
◦ Control in domestic animals by vaccination and quarantine
◦ Vaccination of high risk people, Vet Med professionals, & Domestic Animals
‣ State Requirements
◦ Post-exposure immunoprophylaxis: Post exposure to Rabies Series:
‣ Preformed antibodies directly to wound
‣ 5 IM injections of rabies vaccine in the abdominal muscle
what are the reservoirs & Vector for Lyme Disease ?
Reservoirs: Wildlife animals
Vector: Tick
Is Lyme Disease zoonotic? if yes what are the signs?
Zoonotic.
Subclinical: Does not cause clinical signs
Bubonic Plague reservoir & vector are?
◦ Reservoir: Rodents
◦ Vector: Fleas
