Exam 2 Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of an indirect method of measuring bacteria?
- Membrane filtration
- Plate count
- Turbidity
Turbidity
Which of the following is used to control microbes in living tissues?
Sanitation
Sterilization
Antiseptic
Disinfection
Antiseptic
UV light is an example of?
Non-ionizing radiation
Chlorhexidine is an example of a/an?
Bisphenol
Vaccines are an example of what type of immunity?
Artificial active
An example of natural passive immunity is?
Colostrum
A vaccine where the pathogen is completely neutralized or inactivated is known as?
Killed Vaccines
Most pathogens are?
Facultative anaerobic mesophiles
What color is a Gram positive organism?
Blue
What color is a Gram negative organism?
Red
Psychrophiles refer to?
Bacteria that do best at cold temperatures
Optimum = below 20 °C
Mesophiles refer to?
Bacteria that prefer Room temp/body temp (25-37°C). Most bacteria fall into this category
Thermophiles Refer to?
Bacteria that prefer temperatures 40°C or higher
Flash pasteurization
(milk, juice): 70-80°, 10-20 seconds
Bulk or vat pasteurization
(wine): 60-70°C, 30 min
Ultra pasteurization:
138°C 2 seconds
Ultra-high temperature pasteurization:
138-150°C 1-2 seconds
Obligate anaerobes Refer to?
Bacteria that cannot live in an oxygenated environment. Oxygen kills them
Obligate aerobes refer to?
Bacteria that require Oxygen (O2) to grow
Facultative anaerobes refer to?
Bacteria that can grow with or without Oxygen.
Would prefer O2
Most pathogens here, can live inside or outside the body
A common obligate anaerobe bacteria?
Clostridium
A common obligate aerobe is?
Pseudomonas
What pH do most bacteria prefer?
Neutral to acidic: 5-7.5
pH scale for acidic?
0-7
pH scale for Alkaline?
7-14
pH scale for Neutral
7
Hypertonic refers to?
Rushing water outside of the cell causing it to shrink & die
Hypotonic refers to?
Rush water inside the cell to regain the osmotic balance
What are the Bacterial Growth Curve Phases:
- Lag Phase
- Log Phase
- Stationary Phase
- Death Phase
- Dormant Phase
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Dormant Phase
Dormant Phase: Last Phase (Not shown on graph)
• The bacteria go dormant using most likely an endospore but essentially they are waiting for the environment to improve
• Always a few bacteria survive using this dormant method
◦ This causes the cycle to repeat itself once the environment improve & the dormant bacteria reactivate
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Death Phase
Death Phase: Fourth Phase
• Rapid number of bacteria are dying faster than they can produce new bacteria
◦ Number of bacteria dying far exceed the number of new bacteria being produced
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Stationary Phase
Stationary Phase: Third Phase
• The number of bacteria that are being reproduced is the same number of bacteria that are dying
• This phase is when bacteria is the most resistant to antibiotics
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Log Phase
Log Phase: Second Phase
• The period of constant growth/reproduction
• Maximum growth in minimal time
• this is when clinical signs and symptoms begin to show
• This is the ideal time when the animal should be evaluated by the DVM
• Using nutrients from the environment in order to reproduce new bacteria which also produces a number of different waste products
Fermentation generates how many ATP?
Generates net of 2 ATP/Glucose/Energy
Respiration generates how many ATP?
Generates a net of 38 ATP/Glucose/Energy
Gram (+) have what type of cell wall?
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall with teichoic acid, nothing outside this.
Gram (-) have what type of cell wall?
Thin peptidoglycan base layer
Outer phospholipid membrane with no teichoic acid
What is the mordant for Gram +
Grams Iodine - As it binds with the cell wall making it difficult to remove the blue dye
What is the mordant for Gram -
Decolorizing Alcohol - The alcohol denatures the fat layer causing them to create channels allowing the red stain to penetrate the cell wall
Exotoxins are produced by Gram + or Gram - pathogens?
Gram +
Endotoxins are produced by Gram + or Gram - pathogens?
Gram -
Define: Natural Active Immunity
Immune system must act to form the antibodies
Develops after recovery from a naturally acquired infectious disease.
Body retains a memory of the antigen therefore any re-exposure to that antigen will result in a rapid immune response.
Define: Artificial Active Immunity
Antigens are introduced to the body by artificial means generally through a vaccine.
Immune system must act to form antibodies allowing them to create a memory to the antigen without having to actually contract the disease
Vaccines are an example of what type of immunity?
Artificial Active Immunity
Define: Natural Passive Immunity
Newborns receive antibodies from mother during gestation.
Birds/reptiles pass antibodies to offspring via egg yolk.
Some mammals receive antibodies in Colostrum which provides immune protection during infancy.
First milk antibodies covers human infants 3-6 months & 6-12 weeks in most other animals
Define: Artificial Passive Immunity
Monoclonal antibodies via injection through an antiserum that provides protection which lasts several weeks
Antiserum – develop high levels of antibodies in horses and cattle, collect serum
Explain the mod of transmission: Direct Transmission
Through intimate contact with an infected host (handling a pet with leptospirosis)
Explain the mod of transmission: Indirect Transmission
Host acquired disease through an arthropod vector, Fomite, or airborne pathogen. (Lepto urine on blankets)
Explain the mod of transmission: Horizontal Transmission
Between members of species that are not parent/child relation
Explain the mod of transmission: Vertical Transmission
From one generation to the next (mother/child infection through pregnancy)
Gram (+) organisms are more resistant to?
Drying out as they like dry warm environments
Penicillin is effective against Gram (+) or (-) organisms?
Gram (+) organisms. Disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall causing it to leak & die.
Exotoxins are produced by Gram (+) organisms or Gram (-) organisms
Some Gram (+) organisms
Gram (-) organisms prefer what type of environment?
Moist environments. Therefore they are more susceptible to drying out.
Endotoxins are produced by Gram (+) organisms or Gram (-) organisms?
Gram (-) organisms
What are Toxoid vaccines?
Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins (toxoids) rather than the killed cells. Must be boostered
What is an example of a Toxoid vaccine?
Diphtheria & Tetanus
What is a Subunit Vaccine?
A vaccine where they use purified fractions of the pathogenic microbe stimulate protective immunity.
What is an example of a subunit vaccine?
Hepatitis B – viral surface antigen made by yeast cells through recombinant DNA technology.
What is a Killed Vaccine?
A vaccine containing a killed pathogen that was exposed to heat or chemical to inactivate the multiplication process but not the antigen allowing the body to through the bodies immune response. This response is not as effective as the true natural immune response therefore these vaccines must be given in a series.
What is a Killed Vaccine generally used for?
A disease we do not have a cure for therefore like Rabies.
What is another name for a Killed Vaccine?
An inactivated vaccine
What is a Attenuated Vaccine?
A Weakened or reduced in force version of the disease via a vaccine. The low virulence allow for microbes to multiply in tissue causing a stronger immune response inside the body.
The Disadvantage to this vaccine is you have a chance of contracting the disease from the vaccine itself.
Immune compromised or pregnant animals should not receive these vaccines
A weakened vaccine is also called an?
Attenuated Vaccine
What makes Attenuated Vaccine special in the terms of administration?
Sometimes able to give vaccine through natural route of infection.
Oral route for polio
Nasal route for Bordetella
What are Exotoxins?
Proteins produced by an organism, secreted into environment/body.
What are examples of Exotoxins?
Tetanus & Botulism
Neurotoxins affects?
Neurological Cells
Enterotoxins Affect?
Gastrointestinal Cells
Cytotoxins Affect
All Body Cells
What temperature will break down Toxins?
Heat - 60-80 degrees Celsius
Antitoxins are?
Specialized antibodies against toxins
Vaccines against Toxins are called?
Toxoids
Which pathogens are capable of producing exotoxin?
- Staphylococcus aureus (TSST-1), enterotoxins
- Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
- E. coli 0157:H7 (enterohemorrhagic toxin) Also called (Traveler’s diarrhea)
- Salmonella typhi (Typhoid fever)
- Vibrio cholerae (coleragen)
- Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
- Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
What are the 3 Toxins that don’t fill under Exotoxins or Endotoxins?
- Leukocydines
- Hemolysins
- Streptokinase
Explain Leukocydines
Upset leukocyte cell membranes & destroys/kills the white blood cells
Explain Hemolysins
Breaks down cells, esp. RBC
Explain Streptokinase
Dissolves blood clots inside the body. Can cause internal hemorrhage.
Hemolysins is also called:
streptolysins
Name 3 Leukocydines?
Pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci
Give an example of Hemolysins
Streptococcus pyogenes
Give an example of Streptokinase
Streptococcus pyogenes
