Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is an example of an indirect method of measuring bacteria?
- Membrane filtration
- Plate count
- Turbidity
A
Turbidity
2
Q
Which of the following is used to control microbes in living tissues?
Sanitation
Sterilization
Antiseptic
Disinfection
A
Antiseptic
3
Q
UV light is an example of?
A
Non-ionizing radiation
4
Q
Chlorhexidine is an example of a/an?
A
Bisphenol
5
Q
Vaccines are an example of what type of immunity?
A
Artificial active
6
Q
An example of natural passive immunity is?
A
Colostrum
7
Q
A vaccine where the pathogen is completely neutralized or inactivated is known as?
A
Killed Vaccines
8
Q
Most pathogens are?
A
Facultative anaerobic mesophiles
9
Q
What color is a Gram positive organism?
A
Blue
10
Q
What color is a Gram negative organism?
A
Red
11
Q
Psychrophiles refer to?
A
Bacteria that do best at cold temperatures
Optimum = below 20 °C
12
Q
Mesophiles refer to?
A
Bacteria that prefer Room temp/body temp (25-37°C). Most bacteria fall into this category
13
Q
Thermophiles Refer to?
A
Bacteria that prefer temperatures 40°C or higher
14
Q
Flash pasteurization
A
(milk, juice): 70-80°, 10-20 seconds
15
Q
Bulk or vat pasteurization
A
(wine): 60-70°C, 30 min
16
Q
Ultra pasteurization:
A
138°C 2 seconds
17
Q
Ultra-high temperature pasteurization:
A
138-150°C 1-2 seconds
18
Q
Obligate anaerobes Refer to?
A
Bacteria that cannot live in an oxygenated environment. Oxygen kills them
19
Q
Obligate aerobes refer to?
A
Bacteria that require Oxygen (O2) to grow
20
Q
Facultative anaerobes refer to?
A
Bacteria that can grow with or without Oxygen.
Would prefer O2
Most pathogens here, can live inside or outside the body
21
Q
A common obligate anaerobe bacteria?
A
Clostridium
22
Q
A common obligate aerobe is?
A
Pseudomonas
23
Q
What pH do most bacteria prefer?
A
Neutral to acidic: 5-7.5
24
Q
pH scale for acidic?
A
0-7
25
pH scale for Alkaline?
7-14
26
pH scale for Neutral
7
27
Hypertonic refers to?
Rushing water outside of the cell causing it to shrink & die
28
Hypotonic refers to?
Rush water inside the cell to regain the osmotic balance
29
What are the Bacterial Growth Curve Phases:
1. Lag Phase
2. Log Phase
3. Stationary Phase
4. Death Phase
5. Dormant Phase
30
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Dormant Phase
Dormant Phase: Last Phase (Not shown on graph)
• The bacteria go dormant using most likely an endospore but essentially they are waiting for the environment to improve
• Always a few bacteria survive using this dormant method
◦ This causes the cycle to repeat itself once the environment improve & the dormant bacteria reactivate
31
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Death Phase
Death Phase: Fourth Phase
• Rapid number of bacteria are dying faster than they can produce new bacteria
◦ Number of bacteria dying far exceed the number of new bacteria being produced
32
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Stationary Phase
Stationary Phase: Third Phase
• The number of bacteria that are being reproduced is the same number of bacteria that are dying
• This phase is when bacteria is the most resistant to antibiotics
33
Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Log Phase
Log Phase: Second Phase
• The period of constant growth/reproduction
• Maximum growth in minimal time
• this is when clinical signs and symptoms begin to show
• This is the ideal time when the animal should be evaluated by the DVM
• Using nutrients from the environment in order to reproduce new bacteria which also produces a number of different waste products
34
Fermentation generates how many ATP?
Generates net of 2 ATP/Glucose/Energy
35
Respiration generates how many ATP?
Generates a net of 38 ATP/Glucose/Energy
36
Gram (+) have what type of cell wall?
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall with teichoic acid, nothing outside this.
37
Gram (-) have what type of cell wall?
Thin peptidoglycan base layer
Outer phospholipid membrane with no teichoic acid
38
What is the mordant for Gram +
Grams Iodine - As it binds with the cell wall making it difficult to remove the blue dye
39
What is the mordant for Gram -
Decolorizing Alcohol - The alcohol denatures the fat layer causing them to create channels allowing the red stain to penetrate the cell wall
40
Exotoxins are produced by Gram + or Gram - pathogens?
Gram +
41
Endotoxins are produced by Gram + or Gram - pathogens?
Gram -
42
Define: Natural Active Immunity
Immune system must act to form the antibodies
Develops after recovery from a naturally acquired infectious disease.
Body retains a memory of the antigen therefore any re-exposure to that antigen will result in a rapid immune response.
43
Define: Artificial Active Immunity
Antigens are introduced to the body by artificial means generally through a vaccine.
Immune system must act to form antibodies allowing them to create a memory to the antigen without having to actually contract the disease
44
Vaccines are an example of what type of immunity?
Artificial Active Immunity
45
Define: Natural Passive Immunity
Newborns receive antibodies from mother during gestation.
Birds/reptiles pass antibodies to offspring via egg yolk.
Some mammals receive antibodies in Colostrum which provides immune protection during infancy.
First milk antibodies covers human infants 3-6 months & 6-12 weeks in most other animals
46
Define: Artificial Passive Immunity
Monoclonal antibodies via injection through an antiserum that provides protection which lasts several weeks
Antiserum – develop high levels of antibodies in horses and cattle, collect serum
47
Explain the mod of transmission: Direct Transmission
Through intimate contact with an infected host (handling a pet with leptospirosis)
48
Explain the mod of transmission: Indirect Transmission
Host acquired disease through an arthropod vector, Fomite, or airborne pathogen. (Lepto urine on blankets)
49
Explain the mod of transmission: Horizontal Transmission
Between members of species that are not parent/child relation
50
Explain the mod of transmission: Vertical Transmission
From one generation to the next (mother/child infection through pregnancy)
51
Gram (+) organisms are more resistant to?
Drying out as they like dry warm environments
52
Penicillin is effective against Gram (+) or (-) organisms?
Gram (+) organisms. Disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall causing it to leak & die.
53
Exotoxins are produced by Gram (+) organisms or Gram (-) organisms
Some Gram (+) organisms
54
Gram (-) organisms prefer what type of environment?
Moist environments. Therefore they are more susceptible to drying out.
55
Endotoxins are produced by Gram (+) organisms or Gram (-) organisms?
Gram (-) organisms
56
What are Toxoid vaccines?
Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins (toxoids) rather than the killed cells. Must be boostered
57
What is an example of a Toxoid vaccine?
Diphtheria & Tetanus
58
What is a Subunit Vaccine?
A vaccine where they use purified fractions of the pathogenic microbe stimulate protective immunity.
59
What is an example of a subunit vaccine?
Hepatitis B – viral surface antigen made by yeast cells through recombinant DNA technology.
60
What is a Killed Vaccine?
A vaccine containing a killed pathogen that was exposed to heat or chemical to inactivate the multiplication process but not the antigen allowing the body to through the bodies immune response. This response is not as effective as the true natural immune response therefore these vaccines must be given in a series.
61
What is a Killed Vaccine generally used for?
A disease we do not have a cure for therefore like Rabies.
62
What is another name for a Killed Vaccine?
An inactivated vaccine
63
What is a Attenuated Vaccine?
A Weakened or reduced in force version of the disease via a vaccine. The low virulence allow for microbes to multiply in tissue causing a stronger immune response inside the body.
The Disadvantage to this vaccine is you have a chance of contracting the disease from the vaccine itself.
Immune compromised or pregnant animals should not receive these vaccines
64
A weakened vaccine is also called an?
Attenuated Vaccine
65
What makes Attenuated Vaccine special in the terms of administration?
Sometimes able to give vaccine through natural route of infection.
Oral route for polio
Nasal route for Bordetella
66
What are Exotoxins?
Proteins produced by an organism, secreted into environment/body.
67
What are examples of Exotoxins?
Tetanus & Botulism
68
Neurotoxins affects?
Neurological Cells
69
Enterotoxins Affect?
Gastrointestinal Cells
70
Cytotoxins Affect
All Body Cells
71
What temperature will break down Toxins?
Heat - 60-80 degrees Celsius
72
Antitoxins are?
Specialized antibodies against toxins
73
Vaccines against Toxins are called?
Toxoids
74
Which pathogens are capable of producing exotoxin?
1. Staphylococcus aureus (TSST-1), enterotoxins
2. Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
3. E. coli 0157:H7 (enterohemorrhagic toxin) Also called (Traveler’s diarrhea)
4. Salmonella typhi (Typhoid fever)
5. Vibrio cholerae (coleragen)
6. Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
7. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
75
What are the 3 Toxins that don’t fill under Exotoxins or Endotoxins?
1. Leukocydines
2. Hemolysins
3. Streptokinase
76
Explain Leukocydines
Upset leukocyte cell membranes & destroys/kills the white blood cells
77
Explain Hemolysins
Breaks down cells, esp. RBC
78
Explain Streptokinase
Dissolves blood clots inside the body. Can cause internal hemorrhage.
79
Hemolysins is also called:
streptolysins
80
Name 3 Leukocydines?
Pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci
81
Give an example of Hemolysins
Streptococcus pyogenes
82
Give an example of Streptokinase
Streptococcus pyogenes
