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VT150 | Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is an example of an indirect method of measuring bacteria?
- Membrane filtration
- Plate count
- Turbidity

A

Turbidity

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2
Q

Which of the following is used to control microbes in living tissues?
Sanitation
Sterilization
Antiseptic
Disinfection

A

Antiseptic

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3
Q

UV light is an example of?

A

Non-ionizing radiation

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4
Q

Chlorhexidine is an example of a/an?

A

Bisphenol

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5
Q

Vaccines are an example of what type of immunity?

A

Artificial active

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6
Q

An example of natural passive immunity is?

A

Colostrum

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7
Q

A vaccine where the pathogen is completely neutralized or inactivated is known as?

A

Killed Vaccines

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8
Q

Most pathogens are?

A

Facultative anaerobic mesophiles

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9
Q

What color is a Gram positive organism?

A

Blue

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10
Q

What color is a Gram negative organism?

A

Red

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11
Q

Psychrophiles refer to?

A

Bacteria that do best at cold temperatures
Optimum = below 20 °C

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12
Q

Mesophiles refer to?

A

Bacteria that prefer Room temp/body temp (25-37°C). Most bacteria fall into this category

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13
Q

Thermophiles Refer to?

A

Bacteria that prefer temperatures 40°C or higher

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14
Q

Flash pasteurization

A

(milk, juice): 70-80°, 10-20 seconds

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15
Q

Bulk or vat pasteurization

A

(wine): 60-70°C, 30 min

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16
Q

Ultra pasteurization:

A

138°C 2 seconds

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17
Q

Ultra-high temperature pasteurization:

A

138-150°C 1-2 seconds

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18
Q

Obligate anaerobes Refer to?

A

Bacteria that cannot live in an oxygenated environment. Oxygen kills them

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19
Q

Obligate aerobes refer to?

A

Bacteria that require Oxygen (O2) to grow

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20
Q

Facultative anaerobes refer to?

A

Bacteria that can grow with or without Oxygen.
Would prefer O2
Most pathogens here, can live inside or outside the body

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21
Q

A common obligate anaerobe bacteria?

A

Clostridium

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22
Q

A common obligate aerobe is?

A

Pseudomonas

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23
Q

What pH do most bacteria prefer?

A

Neutral to acidic: 5-7.5

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24
Q

pH scale for acidic?

A

0-7

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25
Q

pH scale for Alkaline?

A

7-14

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26
Q

pH scale for Neutral

A

7

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27
Q

Hypertonic refers to?

A

Rushing water outside of the cell causing it to shrink & die

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28
Q

Hypotonic refers to?

A

Rush water inside the cell to regain the osmotic balance

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29
Q

What are the Bacterial Growth Curve Phases:

A
  1. Lag Phase
  2. Log Phase
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
  5. Dormant Phase
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30
Q

Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Dormant Phase

A

Dormant Phase: Last Phase (Not shown on graph)
• The bacteria go dormant using most likely an endospore but essentially they are waiting for the environment to improve
• Always a few bacteria survive using this dormant method
◦ This causes the cycle to repeat itself once the environment improve & the dormant bacteria reactivate

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31
Q

Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Death Phase

A

Death Phase: Fourth Phase
• Rapid number of bacteria are dying faster than they can produce new bacteria
◦ Number of bacteria dying far exceed the number of new bacteria being produced

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32
Q

Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Stationary Phase

A

Stationary Phase: Third Phase
• The number of bacteria that are being reproduced is the same number of bacteria that are dying
• This phase is when bacteria is the most resistant to antibiotics

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33
Q

Explain the Bacterial Growth Curve Log Phase

A

Log Phase: Second Phase
• The period of constant growth/reproduction
• Maximum growth in minimal time
• this is when clinical signs and symptoms begin to show
• This is the ideal time when the animal should be evaluated by the DVM
• Using nutrients from the environment in order to reproduce new bacteria which also produces a number of different waste products

34
Q

Fermentation generates how many ATP?

A

Generates net of 2 ATP/Glucose/Energy

35
Q

Respiration generates how many ATP?

A

Generates a net of 38 ATP/Glucose/Energy

36
Q

Gram (+) have what type of cell wall?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall with teichoic acid, nothing outside this.

37
Q

Gram (-) have what type of cell wall?

A

Thin peptidoglycan base layer
Outer phospholipid membrane with no teichoic acid

38
Q

What is the mordant for Gram +

A

Grams Iodine - As it binds with the cell wall making it difficult to remove the blue dye

39
Q

What is the mordant for Gram -

A

Decolorizing Alcohol - The alcohol denatures the fat layer causing them to create channels allowing the red stain to penetrate the cell wall

40
Q

Exotoxins are produced by Gram + or Gram - pathogens?

A

Gram +

41
Q

Endotoxins are produced by Gram + or Gram - pathogens?

A

Gram -

42
Q

Define: Natural Active Immunity

A

Immune system must act to form the antibodies
Develops after recovery from a naturally acquired infectious disease.
Body retains a memory of the antigen therefore any re-exposure to that antigen will result in a rapid immune response.

43
Q

Define: Artificial Active Immunity

A

Antigens are introduced to the body by artificial means generally through a vaccine.
Immune system must act to form antibodies allowing them to create a memory to the antigen without having to actually contract the disease

44
Q

Vaccines are an example of what type of immunity?

A

Artificial Active Immunity

45
Q

Define: Natural Passive Immunity

A

Newborns receive antibodies from mother during gestation.
Birds/reptiles pass antibodies to offspring via egg yolk.
Some mammals receive antibodies in Colostrum which provides immune protection during infancy.
First milk antibodies covers human infants 3-6 months & 6-12 weeks in most other animals

46
Q

Define: Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Monoclonal antibodies via injection through an antiserum that provides protection which lasts several weeks
Antiserum – develop high levels of antibodies in horses and cattle, collect serum

47
Q

Explain the mod of transmission: Direct Transmission

A

Through intimate contact with an infected host (handling a pet with leptospirosis)

48
Q

Explain the mod of transmission: Indirect Transmission

A

Host acquired disease through an arthropod vector, Fomite, or airborne pathogen. (Lepto urine on blankets)

49
Q

Explain the mod of transmission: Horizontal Transmission

A

Between members of species that are not parent/child relation

50
Q

Explain the mod of transmission: Vertical Transmission

A

From one generation to the next (mother/child infection through pregnancy)

51
Q

Gram (+) organisms are more resistant to?

A

Drying out as they like dry warm environments

52
Q

Penicillin is effective against Gram (+) or (-) organisms?

A

Gram (+) organisms. Disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall causing it to leak & die.

53
Q

Exotoxins are produced by Gram (+) organisms or Gram (-) organisms

A

Some Gram (+) organisms

54
Q

Gram (-) organisms prefer what type of environment?

A

Moist environments. Therefore they are more susceptible to drying out.

55
Q

Endotoxins are produced by Gram (+) organisms or Gram (-) organisms?

A

Gram (-) organisms

56
Q

What are Toxoid vaccines?

A

Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins (toxoids) rather than the killed cells. Must be boostered

57
Q

What is an example of a Toxoid vaccine?

A

Diphtheria & Tetanus

58
Q

What is a Subunit Vaccine?

A

A vaccine where they use purified fractions of the pathogenic microbe stimulate protective immunity.

59
Q

What is an example of a subunit vaccine?

A

Hepatitis B – viral surface antigen made by yeast cells through recombinant DNA technology.

60
Q

What is a Killed Vaccine?

A

A vaccine containing a killed pathogen that was exposed to heat or chemical to inactivate the multiplication process but not the antigen allowing the body to through the bodies immune response. This response is not as effective as the true natural immune response therefore these vaccines must be given in a series.

61
Q

What is a Killed Vaccine generally used for?

A

A disease we do not have a cure for therefore like Rabies.

62
Q

What is another name for a Killed Vaccine?

A

An inactivated vaccine

63
Q

What is a Attenuated Vaccine?

A

A Weakened or reduced in force version of the disease via a vaccine. The low virulence allow for microbes to multiply in tissue causing a stronger immune response inside the body.
The Disadvantage to this vaccine is you have a chance of contracting the disease from the vaccine itself.
Immune compromised or pregnant animals should not receive these vaccines

64
Q

A weakened vaccine is also called an?

A

Attenuated Vaccine

65
Q

What makes Attenuated Vaccine special in the terms of administration?

A

Sometimes able to give vaccine through natural route of infection.
Oral route for polio
Nasal route for Bordetella

66
Q

What are Exotoxins?

A

Proteins produced by an organism, secreted into environment/body.

67
Q

What are examples of Exotoxins?

A

Tetanus & Botulism

68
Q

Neurotoxins affects?

A

Neurological Cells

69
Q

Enterotoxins Affect?

A

Gastrointestinal Cells

70
Q

Cytotoxins Affect

A

All Body Cells

71
Q

What temperature will break down Toxins?

A

Heat - 60-80 degrees Celsius

72
Q

Antitoxins are?

A

Specialized antibodies against toxins

73
Q

Vaccines against Toxins are called?

A

Toxoids

74
Q

Which pathogens are capable of producing exotoxin?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus (TSST-1), enterotoxins
  2. Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
  3. E. coli 0157:H7 (enterohemorrhagic toxin) Also called (Traveler’s diarrhea)
  4. Salmonella typhi (Typhoid fever)
  5. Vibrio cholerae (coleragen)
  6. Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
  7. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
75
Q

What are the 3 Toxins that don’t fill under Exotoxins or Endotoxins?

A
  1. Leukocydines
  2. Hemolysins
  3. Streptokinase
76
Q

Explain Leukocydines

A

Upset leukocyte cell membranes & destroys/kills the white blood cells

77
Q

Explain Hemolysins

A

Breaks down cells, esp. RBC

78
Q

Explain Streptokinase

A

Dissolves blood clots inside the body. Can cause internal hemorrhage.

79
Q

Hemolysins is also called:

A

streptolysins

80
Q

Name 3 Leukocydines?

A

Pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci

81
Q

Give an example of Hemolysins

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

82
Q

Give an example of Streptokinase

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

VT150 | Microbiology (11 decks)

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