Antibiotics Flashcards

Question

Neomycin:

Answer 1

• Derived from Aminoglycosides • Affective against Bacterial Conjunctivits (pink eye) • Best if used in conjunction with other antibiotics like Polymuxin B and Bacitracin (Neosporin)

Answer 2

• Also a Streptomyces sp. derivative • Natural Form: chlortetracycline & oxytetracycline • Synthetic Form: tetracycline & doxycycline • Drug of choice for most rickettsia and chlamydiae Rickettsia: Transferred through arthropod vectors (parasites) obligate intraceullar parasites meaning that they must be inside the host Chlamydiae: Transmitted through aerolized and bodily fluid. Obliagate intraceullar parasite. 4. Broad spectrum antibiotic: Affective against Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria Bacteriostatic: Does not kill but stops reproductions/spread 5. Interferes with protein synthesis 6. Can cause liver, kidney damage, yellowing of permanent teeth

Answer 3

◦ Originally from Streptomyces, now made synthetically ◦ Bacteriostatic: Works by disrupting the bacteria protein synthesis ◦ First broad spectrum antibiotic ◦ Toxic – allergic reactions, depresses bone marrow function at the stem cell level causing aplastic anemia: meaing all the RBC, WBC, & Platelets which opens the animal up to a large number of secondary infections. (Aplastic means ALL) ◦ Used only in life threatening circumstances like Typhoid fever or meningitis and even than the provider is still weighing if the risk of Aplastic Anemia is worth the risk - if there is any other sort of treatment we will try that first due to the aplastic anemia side effect.

Answer 4

◦ This antibiotic is completely synthetic meaning that it was lab created ◦ Broad spectrum antibiotics ‣ Meaning its effective against both Gram (+) & Gram (-) microbes ‣ Commonly used for GI Infections, STD, Neisseria, chlamydiae, Staphylococcus aureus, & Streptococcus pyogenes ◦ Bacteriocidal by inhibiting the bacteria DNA synthesis ◦ Does better against Gram (+) organisms ◦ Common known Vet Med Drug: Enrofloxacine (Baytril) ‣ Enrofloxacine (baytril) was the first drug created specifically for Vet Med unlike most drugs in vet med have been adopted from human medicine. ‣ Purple Entroic Tablets: Are preferred version of the drugs for exotic animals.- remember the Bunny story where they give them the purple pill w/ a scoop of jam ‣ Chewable Beef Tablets: Preferred for dogs and cats but bunnies do not like these flavor not matter how much Jam you covered it in. ◦ Common Human Drug Name: Ciprofloxacine (Cipro) ‣ This drug is effective against Anthrax and was given to first responders during the Anthrax mail attack after 911. Given via injection. • Macrolides ◦ Erythromycin ‣ Produced from Streptomyces ‣ Bacteriostatic: By disrupting protein synthesis ‣ Most effective against G(+), G(-), & Mycobacteria • Includes: Whooping Cough, Diptheria, Campylobacteria ‣ Commonly used in human medicine for people who are allergic to penicillin ‣ Childhood Core Vaccine: DTP: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough) ◦ Clindamycin, Lincomycin ‣ This antibiotic drug is used when the bacteria is resistant against penicillin ‣ Especially effective against Staphylococcus ‣ Effective against Anaerobes ‣ Antirobes Aqua Drops for Cats: Taste terrible, This is generally prescribed to older cats prior to a dental procedure, they are generally prescribed for a week. Its a drop put in the cats mouth generally 1ml of the drug - its extremely difficult to give to cats due to the awful taste. ‣ Negative Side Effects: Includes Clostridial overgrowth in intestines • Clostridial are spore forming bacteria that are obligate anaerobes

Answer 5

2 Types: 1: Erythromycin ‣ Produced from Streptomyces ‣Bacteriostatic: By disrupting protein synthesis ‣ Most effective against G(+), G(-), & Mycobacteria • Includes: Whooping Cough, Diptheria, ‣ Commonly used in human medicine for people who are allergic to penicillin ‣ Childhood Core Vaccine: DTP: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Answer 6

‣ This antibiotic drug is used when the bacteria is resistant against penicillin ‣ Especially effective against Staphylococcus ‣ Effective against Anaerobes ‣ Antirobes Aqua Drops for Cats: Taste terrible, This is generally prescribed to older cats prior to a dental procedure, they are generally prescribed for a week. Its a drop put in the cats mouth generally 1ml of the drug - its extremely difficult to give to cats due to the awful taste. ‣ Negative Side Effects: Includes Clostridial overgrowth in intestines • Clostridial are spore forming bacteria that are obligate anaerobes

Answer 7

• different organisms can resist activity of some agents in different ways. • Different bacteria have different forms of resistant ◦ Not all bacteria are resistant against the same agent • Bacteria have a large population and can reproduce/replicate rapidly ◦ Bacterial mutations will occur utilizing the plasmids R factor to replicate the bacterial resistant DNA and create new resistant bacterial cells within the same generation ‣ Bacterial cells pass resistance by using their pili to attach to a bacterial cell behind them allowing them to share the drug resistant information through the R factors of their own plasmid & than the original bacterial cell will die. This cycle continues until lone survivors are left with the resistance in their plasmid allowing them to replicate/reproduce new bacterial cell that actually contain the resistant in their DNA.

Answer 8

• Prevent the drug from entering ◦ Penicillin G cannot pass through outer membrane of G(-) organisms ◦ Mycobacteria = glycocalyx = waxy, protects • Pumped agent out of cell ◦ E. coli, Pseudomonas, S. aureus all have multi-drug resistance pumps ◦ Expel agents out of cell. Requires E • Inactive Drug: ◦ Some bacteria contain an enzymes Penicillinase which splits/breaks apart the penicillin drug molecules making the drugs ineffective/inactive.

Answer 9

• Use high enough dose of the drugs and begin treatment during the “log phase” of the illness and getting the first dose of Abx in fast. ◦ Think of the first day of Abx being prescribed the first dose of Abx needs to be higher than the mainlanders dose and needs to be delivered quickly ideally via injection. • Continue the antibiotic therapy even after the clinical signs/symptoms have subsided/gone away. ◦ This is so important because by introducing the antibiotics and not completing the treatment it introduces the Abx to the bacteria & now the bacteria are able to become resistant to the Abx. • Use combination of drugs to lower probability that organism can develop two or more resistances • Using cultures and sensitivity is sooo important and crucial for knowing which antibiotics would be best effective against that specific bacteria