Organisation Paper 1 Flashcards
Remember key terms within organisation along with their functions in the body.
What does the vena cava do?
Brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
How does oxygenated blood pass from the lungs to the heart?
Through the pulmonary vein
What does the right atrium do?
Pumps blood to the lungs
right atrium ➔ right ventricle ➔ pulmonary artery ➔ lungs
What does the left atrium do?
Pumps blood to the body
left atrium ➔ left ventricle ➔ aorta ➔ body
What do valves do?
They prevent the backflow of blood
found in the heart and veins
Why are muscle walls on the left side of the heart thicker?
They pump blood to the whole of the body so a high pressure is needed
What does the left ventricle do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta
What does the right ventricle do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
What blood vessel contains elastic fibres?
Arteries
What blood vessel has thin walls and why?
Capillaries for short diffusion pathway
What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
Arteries carry ______________ blood?
Oxygenated
with the exception of the pulmonary artery
Arteries have _____ muscular walls and _____ lumens?
Thick, small
What blood vessel has high blood pressure?
Arteries
How do arteries allow more oxygenated blood to be carried during exercise?
They dilate, so increase blood flow
Capillaries are ___ ____ thick? And this causes?
One cell, blood to slow down
Capillaries allow gases to ____?
Diffuse (oxygen into cells, CO2 out of cells)
What do veins do?
Carry blood back to the heart
Veins carry _____________ blood?
Deoxygenated
with the exception of the pulmonary vein
Both arteries and the pulmonary vein carry what?
Oxygenated blood
What blood vessel has low blood pressure?
Veins
Veins have _____ lumens and ________ walls?
Large, thin
What are the 4 blood components?
- Platelets
- Plasma
- WBCs
- RBCs
What causes blood clots and how?
Platelets by converting fibrinogen to fibrin which capture RBCs
What blood component carries oxygen and how?
RBC by binding to haemoglobin to form oxy-haemoglobin
What do WBCS do and how?
- Engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)
- Produce antibodies (attach to antigens and destroy pathogens)
- Produce antitoxins (neutralise bacteria toxins)
What does plasma transport and where?
- Glucose (away from small intestine)
- Carbon dioxide (to lungs)
- Urea (to kidneys)
Adaptation for RBCS?
- No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin
- Bioconcave shape to give greater surface area for oxygen to diffuse faster
What are treatments for heart disease?
- Stents
- Statins
- Biological/mechanical valves
What are risk factors to heart disease?
- Lifestyle
- High intake of fat
- Diet
- Exercise
- Smoking
- Age
What causes heart disease?
Build up of fatty material (cholesterol) on arteries from too much intake of fats
What do stents do?
They hold coronary arteries open to increase blood flow
usually where an artery has been constricted by a build up of fat
Coronary heart disease causes?
Less oxygen to reach the heart which could lead to heart attack or failure
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst
What do enzymes do?
Increase the rate of reaction
Lipase, amylase and protase are all examples of what?
Digestive enzymes
What do lipids break down into?
Fatty acids, glycerol
What does starch break down into?
Glucose
What are limiting factors to optimum enzymes?
pH level, temperature
How do enzymes become denatured?
Under extreme temperatures or pH
What is the lock and key theory?
Enzyme has an active site that is complimentary to a specific substrate. This substrate binds to the active site, producing an enzyme substrate complex, which then breaks down the substrate.
What do protein break down into?
Amino acids
Ribosomes are?
The site of protein synthesis
Where are amylase produced?
Salivary glands
Where are protease and lipids produced?
Small intestine
Why is the heart a double circulatory system?
This is because the blood flows through two circuits (one to the lungs, one to the rest of the body)
What is urea?
The waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids
Where is the pacemaker located
In the right atrium
Does the arteries take blood to or away from the heart
Away
Do the veins take blood to or away from the heart
To
What is a tumour
Abdominal mass of cells that form when a group of cells undergo growth and division
What are the risk factors for cancer
Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure
Viral infection
Are malignant tumours cancerous
Yes
Are benign tumours cancerous and why
No as they are contained in one area ( normally the membrane)
Why are malignant tumours cancerous
Because they are able to invade other tissues and spread to various parts of the body
Where are amylase found?
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
What is the role of gall bladder
Neutralise acid from the stomach
Emulsifying fats
Food test: lipids
Ethanol turns cloudy
Food tests: proteins
Biuret solution blue turns purple
Food test: glucose
Benedicts solution blue turns orange or red
Food test: starch
Iodine solution brown to blue/black
Adaptation of waxy cuticle?
Waxy to reduce water loss
Why is palisade mesophyll transparent?
To allow light through for photosynthesis
Where are chloroplasts located in the leave?
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Leaves - palisade mesophyll tissue
Adaptation of spongy mesophyll?
Has big air sapces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into leave
What tissue covers the whole plant?
Epidermis tissue
Function of meristem tissue (hint stem)
Ability to differentiate to lots of cells
Adaptation of phloem tissue?
Columns of elongated living cells
Small pores at each end to let cell sap through
Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the
atmosphere?
Water is transported in the xylem
Water is evaporated out of the leaves through the stomata
