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Biology > Organisation Paper 1 > Flashcards

Organisation Paper 1 Flashcards

Remember key terms within organisation along with their functions in the body.

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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2
Q

How does oxygenated blood pass from the lungs to the heart?

A

Through the pulmonary vein

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3
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs

right atrium ➔ right ventricle ➔ pulmonary artery ➔ lungs

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4
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Pumps blood to the body

left atrium ➔ left ventricle ➔ aorta ➔ body

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5
Q

What do valves do?

A

They prevent the backflow of blood

found in the heart and veins

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6
Q

Why are muscle walls on the left side of the heart thicker?

A

They pump blood to the whole of the body so a high pressure is needed

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7
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta

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8
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

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9
Q

What blood vessel contains elastic fibres?

A

Arteries

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10
Q

What blood vessel has thin walls and why?

A

Capillaries for short diffusion pathway

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11
Q

What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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12
Q

Arteries carry ______________ blood?

A

Oxygenated

with the exception of the pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Arteries have _____ muscular walls and _____ lumens?

A

Thick, small

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14
Q

What blood vessel has high blood pressure?

A

Arteries

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15
Q

How do arteries allow more oxygenated blood to be carried during exercise?

A

They dilate, so increase blood flow

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16
Q

Capillaries are ___ ____ thick? And this causes?

A

One cell, blood to slow down

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17
Q

Capillaries allow gases to ____?

A

Diffuse (oxygen into cells, CO2 out of cells)

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18
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood back to the heart

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19
Q

Veins carry _____________ blood?

A

Deoxygenated

with the exception of the pulmonary vein

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20
Q

Both arteries and the pulmonary vein carry what?

A

Oxygenated blood

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21
Q

What blood vessel has low blood pressure?

A

Veins

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22
Q

Veins have _____ lumens and ________ walls?

A

Large, thin

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23
Q

What are the 4 blood components?

A
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
  • WBCs
  • RBCs
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24
Q

What causes blood clots and how?

A

Platelets by converting fibrinogen to fibrin which capture RBCs

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25
Q

What blood component carries oxygen and how?

A

RBC by binding to haemoglobin to form oxy-haemoglobin

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26
Q

What do WBCS do and how?

A
  • Engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)
  • Produce antibodies (attach to antigens and destroy pathogens)
  • Produce antitoxins (neutralise bacteria toxins)
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27
Q

What does plasma transport and where?

A
  • Glucose (away from small intestine)
  • Carbon dioxide (to lungs)
  • Urea (to kidneys)
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28
Q

Adaptation for RBCS?

A
  • No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin
  • Bioconcave shape to give greater surface area for oxygen to diffuse faster
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29
Q

What are treatments for heart disease?

A
  • Stents
  • Statins
  • Biological/mechanical valves
30
Q

What are risk factors to heart disease?

A
  • Lifestyle
  • High intake of fat
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Smoking
  • Age
31
Q

What causes heart disease?

A

Build up of fatty material (cholesterol) on arteries from too much intake of fats

32
Q

What do stents do?

A

They hold coronary arteries open to increase blood flow

usually where an artery has been constricted by a build up of fat

33
Q

Coronary heart disease causes?

A

Less oxygen to reach the heart which could lead to heart attack or failure

34
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

35
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Increase the rate of reaction

36
Q

Lipase, amylase and protase are all examples of what?

A

Digestive enzymes

37
Q

What do lipids break down into?

A

Fatty acids, glycerol

38
Q

What does starch break down into?

A

Glucose

39
Q

What are limiting factors to optimum enzymes?

A

pH level, temperature

40
Q

How do enzymes become denatured?

A

Under extreme temperatures or pH

41
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Enzyme has an active site that is complimentary to a specific substrate. This substrate binds to the active site, producing an enzyme substrate complex, which then breaks down the substrate.

42
Q

What do protein break down into?

A

Amino acids

43
Q

Ribosomes are?

A

The site of protein synthesis

44
Q

Where are amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands

45
Q

Where are protease and lipids produced?

A

Small intestine

46
Q

Why is the heart a double circulatory system?

A

This is because the blood flows through two circuits (one to the lungs, one to the rest of the body)

47
Q

What is urea?

A

The waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids

48
Q

Where is the pacemaker located

A

In the right atrium

49
Q

Does the arteries take blood to or away from the heart

A

Away

50
Q

Do the veins take blood to or away from the heart

A

To

51
Q

What is a tumour

A

Abdominal mass of cells that form when a group of cells undergo growth and division

52
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer

A

Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure
Viral infection

53
Q

Are malignant tumours cancerous

A

Yes

54
Q

Are benign tumours cancerous and why

A

No as they are contained in one area ( normally the membrane)

55
Q

Why are malignant tumours cancerous

A

Because they are able to invade other tissues and spread to various parts of the body

56
Q

Where are amylase found?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

57
Q

What is the role of gall bladder

A

Neutralise acid from the stomach
Emulsifying fats

58
Q

Food test: lipids

A

Ethanol turns cloudy

59
Q

Food tests: proteins

A

Biuret solution blue turns purple

60
Q

Food test: glucose

A

Benedicts solution blue turns orange or red

61
Q

Food test: starch

A

Iodine solution brown to blue/black

62
Q

Adaptation of waxy cuticle?

A

Waxy to reduce water loss

63
Q

Why is palisade mesophyll transparent?

A

To allow light through for photosynthesis

64
Q

Where are chloroplasts located in the leave?

A

Palisade mesophyll tissue

65
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Leaves - palisade mesophyll tissue

66
Q

Adaptation of spongy mesophyll?

A

Has big air sapces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into leave

67
Q

What tissue covers the whole plant?

A

Epidermis tissue

68
Q

Function of meristem tissue (hint stem)

A

Ability to differentiate to lots of cells

69
Q

Adaptation of phloem tissue?

A

Columns of elongated living cells
Small pores at each end to let cell sap through

70
Q

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the
atmosphere?

A

Water is transported in the xylem
Water is evaporated out of the leaves through the stomata

Biology (9 decks)

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