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Biology > Infection And Response Paper 1 > Flashcards

Infection And Response Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

What do WBCs do?

A

Engulf + digest pathogens, produce antibodies and antitoxins

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3
Q

What is a hybridoma cell?

A

A tumour fused with a lymphocyte

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4
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Mouse injected with antigen
Mouse produces lymphocytes which are collected.
Lymphocyte is then fused with tumor cells to form hybridoma cells which clone rapidly
These hybridoma are then isolated in pedri dish to clone rapidly producing monoclonal antibodies that are then collected and purified

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5
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Through sexual intercourse with the exchange of bodily fluids OR
injected by contaminated syringe

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6
Q

What does a vaccine do?

A

Allows immune system to produce antibodies against weakened/dead pathogen so memory cells can rapidly produce antibodies the next time the person is exposed to pathogen

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7
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A weakened/dead pathogen injected into a person’s body

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8
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When over 90% of the population is immune to the disease so spread of the pathogen is slowed

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9
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?

A
  • Pregnancy tests
  • Drug use testing
  • Cancer treatment
  • Fluorescent dye
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10
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins on the outside of a pathogen

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11
Q

What do antibodies bind to?

A

Antigens

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12
Q

Antibodies are ___________ to a ___________ antigen

A

Complimentary, specific

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13
Q

How do antitoxins work?

A

By neutralising the toxins of bacteria

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14
Q

What are defence systems that the human body has? (Structure + function)

A
  • Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills pathogens
  • Mucus in the throat and nose trap pathogens in particles
  • Skin is a physical barrier
  • Cilla wafts mucus up to the throat where it can be swallowed
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15
Q

What is phagocytosis? WBCs

A

The process of phagocytes engulfing and digesting pathogens

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16
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

They bind to specific antigens complimentary to them and they allow phagocytes to locate and engulf the pathogens

17
Q

What can antibiotics be used against?

A

Bacteria

18
Q

Why is it important to take all prescribed antibiotics?

A

This is because bacteria can become antibiotic resistant

19
Q

How does a virus attack the immune system?

A

By living inside host cells and multiplying

20
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A fake drug used in clinical testing

21
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Where both the doctors and patients do not know what group is taking the real drug and placebo

22
Q

What are the 3 things to check in a drug test?

A

Dosage, efficacy, concentration

23
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

The white blood cells involved in the specific immune response. This includes B-lymphocytes which produce antibodies and memory cells which remember how to produce antibodies.

24
Q

What physical defence do plants have

A

Waxy cuticle, cell walls, layers of dead cells (E.g bark)

25
Q

What chemical defences do plants have

A

Some produce antibacterial chemicals, produce poisons

26
Q

What mechanical defences do plants have

A

Thorns and hairs, plants have droop of curl when someone touches them

27
Q

Why do plants have waxy cuticles

A

Provide a barrier to stop pathogens from entering

28
Q

Why do plants have layers of dead cells

A

Act as a barrier and stop pathogens from entering

29
Q

What do antibacterial chemicals do

A

Kill bacteria

30
Q

What do thorns and hairs do

A

Stop animals from touching and eating them

31
Q

What does plants being able to droop and curl do

A

Prevents themselves from being eaten by knocking insects off

Biology (9 decks)

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