Infection And Response Paper 1 Flashcards
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease
What do WBCs do?
Engulf + digest pathogens, produce antibodies and antitoxins
What is a hybridoma cell?
A tumour fused with a lymphocyte
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Mouse injected with antigen
Mouse produces lymphocytes which are collected.
Lymphocyte is then fused with tumor cells to form hybridoma cells which clone rapidly
These hybridoma are then isolated in pedri dish to clone rapidly producing monoclonal antibodies that are then collected and purified
How is HIV spread?
Through sexual intercourse with the exchange of bodily fluids OR
injected by contaminated syringe
What does a vaccine do?
Allows immune system to produce antibodies against weakened/dead pathogen so memory cells can rapidly produce antibodies the next time the person is exposed to pathogen
What is a vaccine?
A weakened/dead pathogen injected into a person’s body
What is herd immunity?
When over 90% of the population is immune to the disease so spread of the pathogen is slowed
What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?
- Pregnancy tests
- Drug use testing
- Cancer treatment
- Fluorescent dye
What are antigens?
Proteins on the outside of a pathogen
What do antibodies bind to?
Antigens
Antibodies are ___________ to a ___________ antigen
Complimentary, specific
How do antitoxins work?
By neutralising the toxins of bacteria
What are defence systems that the human body has? (Structure + function)
- Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills pathogens
- Mucus in the throat and nose trap pathogens in particles
- Skin is a physical barrier
- Cilla wafts mucus up to the throat where it can be swallowed
What is phagocytosis? WBCs
The process of phagocytes engulfing and digesting pathogens
How do antibodies work?
They bind to specific antigens complimentary to them and they allow phagocytes to locate and engulf the pathogens
What can antibiotics be used against?
Bacteria
Why is it important to take all prescribed antibiotics?
This is because bacteria can become antibiotic resistant
How does a virus attack the immune system?
By living inside host cells and multiplying
What is a placebo?
A fake drug used in clinical testing
What is a double blind trial?
Where both the doctors and patients do not know what group is taking the real drug and placebo
What are the 3 things to check in a drug test?
Dosage, efficacy, concentration
What are lymphocytes?
The white blood cells involved in the specific immune response. This includes B-lymphocytes which produce antibodies and memory cells which remember how to produce antibodies.
What physical defence do plants have
Waxy cuticle, cell walls, layers of dead cells (E.g bark)
What chemical defences do plants have
Some produce antibacterial chemicals, produce poisons
What mechanical defences do plants have
Thorns and hairs, plants have droop of curl when someone touches them
Why do plants have waxy cuticles
Provide a barrier to stop pathogens from entering
Why do plants have layers of dead cells
Act as a barrier and stop pathogens from entering
What do antibacterial chemicals do
Kill bacteria
What do thorns and hairs do
Stop animals from touching and eating them
What does plants being able to droop and curl do
Prevents themselves from being eaten by knocking insects off
