Endocrine System Paper 2 Flashcards
What is the role of FSH?
It allows the egg to mature
What gland secrets FSH
Pituitary gland
What is contraception
Ways to stop/prevent fertilisation
Why can’t you take insulin injections with type 2 diabetes
The cells won’t respond to the insulin
Why is contraception that contains hormones bad?
Hormones have many side-effects
How is information transmitted in the endocrine system
Through hormones in the blood system
What is diabetes
When your body can’t regulate its own blood glucose concentration
How long is the menstrual cycle
28 days
What does the ovaries produce
Oestrogen and Progesterone
What is the role of LH
Stimulate the release of a mature egg
What does gibberellins do
They stimulate the germination of seeds
How do hormones interact in the menstrual cycle?
FSH is released by the pituitary gland.
FSH stimulates eggs to mature in the ovaries. FSH stimulates the production of oestrogen in the ovaries. Oestrogen causes the uterus lining to thicken and inhibits FSH. Oestrogen stimulates the production of LH in the pituitary gland. LH stimulates ovulation/the mature egg to release. Once the egg has been released, the ovary now produces progesterone, which inhibits the production of FSH and LH to stop more eggs from being matured and being released, and also maintains the lining of the uterus in case of fertilised egg implants.
What does an IUD do
Prevents an embryo from implanting
State the advantages and disadvantages of an injection as a means of contraception
Advantage: don’t have to take daily
Disadvantage: they have side-effects and you can get an STI
How does the body respond to decrease in the blood glucose concentration?
The pancreas detects the decrease in the blood glucose concentration.
It secretes glucagon, and causes cells to convert glycogen into glucose and release into the bloodstream
How does the body respond to a rise in the blood glucose
The pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream. The insulin stimulates the target organs (muscle and liver cells) to take in the glucose and convert it into the storage molecule glycogen. This uptake in glucose reduces the glucose concentration in the bloodstream
Describe the process of protein synthesis
The base sequence is copied onto a complimentary template (mRNA). The mRNA passes out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and attaches itself to the ribosome. The ribosome, then reads the triplets of bases on the mRNA to place the correct amino acids in the correct order. Once the chain of amino acids (polypeptide) is complete, it folds into a specific protein.
What are some differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?
In the nervous system response is rapid however, in the Endocrine system, response is slow.
In the nervous system, the effect is temporarily and reversible, however, in the Endocrine system, the effect may be permanent and irreversible
In the nervous system communication is by nerve impulses while in the endocrine system it is by hormones.
in the Endocrine system response is localised while in the endocrine system response as widespread.
What is abstinence?
Not having sex
How is communication in the endocrine system?
Chemicals (hormones produced by glands)
What are the effects of endocrine system?
Permanent and irreversible
When is ovulation?
Day 14
What is the role of Progesterone?
Maintains lining of uterus
Inhibits release of FSH and LH
What is the role of FSH?
Causes eggs to mature
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
What is the role of LH?
Triggers ovulation
What is the role of oestrogen?
Causes lining of uterus to develop
Inhibits release of FSH
stimulates release of LH
Three types of contraception? Benefits/limitations?
Conceptive pills readily available have to take every day
Condom protection form STIs not effective if used incorrectly
IUDs longevity (3-5yrs) could cause infection
Sterilisation permanent surgery risks
Implants/patches side effects dont take daily
What is IVF?
When a woman takes large amounts of FSH and LH to increase chances of becoming pregnant. These eggs, once matured, are then extracted and fertilised in a laboratory
Where is urine stored?
Bladder
What is the role of the kidneys? How?
To remove excess water, urea, and ions from the blood
They filter the blood through kidney tubules to urine
Some useful substances are reabsorbed
What is selective reabsorption?
Where useful substances (water, glucose, ions) are reabsorbed from the kidney tubules preventing them to be lost in urine
How does negative feedback affect ADH (hormone)?
Pituitary gland will stop releasing ADH when water levels decrease. This is because ADH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water by making kidney tubules more permeable.
What is the role of liver?
To control the amount of ammio acids in body
What is the role of liver?
To control the amount of ammio acids in body
What is deamination?
The process of the liver converting ammio acids into ammonia. Then into urea
What is postive geotropism?
When roots grow in response to gravity (towards)
What is positive phototropism?
When shoots grow in response to light (towards)
How is auxin distributed in the shoots?
- Even distribution
- Auxin differs away from sunlight
- Cell growth + elongation towards the sun from auxin
How is auxin distributed in the roots?
- Even distribution
- Auxin falls towards gravity, inbiting cell growth + elongation
- Growth towards gravity
