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Anatomy > ✅Organisation Of The Nervous System 3 > Flashcards

✅Organisation Of The Nervous System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

A rapid, automatic nerve response triggered by specific stimuli

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2
Q

What is a spinal reflex controlled by?

A

Spinal cord alone, not brain

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3
Q

Is a spinal Reflex caused by the brain?

A

No

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4
Q

What is an example of a spinal reflex?

A

a reflex controlled in the spinal cord makes you drop a frying pan you didn’t realize was sizzling hot. Before the information reaches your brain and you become aware of the pain, you’ve already released the pan.

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5
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

18 inches

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6
Q

How wide in the spinal cord?

A

1/2 inch

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Between vertebrae L1 and L2

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8
Q

What is the cord itself not as long as?

A

The vertebral column

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9
Q

What divides the spinal cored into left and right?

A

Grooves

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10
Q

Where is posterior median sulcus?

A

On posterior side

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11
Q

What is the anterior median fissure?

A

Deeper groove on anterior side

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12
Q

What are enlargements of the spinal cored caused by?

A

Amount of grey matter in segment

Involvement with sensory and motor nerves of limbs

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13
Q

What does cervical enlargement do?

A

It supplies nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs

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14
Q

What does lumbar enlargement do?

A

Provides innervation to structures of the pelvis and lower limbs

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15
Q

What are the three key areas of gross anatomy of the distal end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina

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16
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement

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17
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris

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18
Q

What does the filum terminale attach to?

A

Coccygeal ligament

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19
Q

What is cauda equina?

A

Nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

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20
Q

How many spinal cord segments are there?

A

31

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21
Q

What changes with age?

A

The positions of spinal segment and vertebrae

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22
Q

What are cervical nerves named for?

A

Inferior vertebra

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23
Q

What are all other nerves named for?

A

Superior vertebra

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24
Q

What are the two branches of spinal nerves?

A

Ventral root

Dorsal root

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25
Q

What does the ventral root contain?

A

Axons of sensory neurons

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26
Q

What does the dorsal root contain?

A

Axons of sensory neurons

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27
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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28
Q

Describe the spinal nerve

A

Distal to each dorsal root ganglion, the sensory and motor roots are bound together into a single spinal nerve

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29
Q

What do mixed nerves do?

A

Carry booth afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibres

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30
Q

What do specialised membranes isolate?

A

Spinal cord from surroundings

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31
Q

What are 3 functions of the spinal meninges?

A

Protecting spinal cord agains bumps and shocks to the skin of the back
Carrying blood supply
Continuous with cranial meninges, which surround the brain

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32
Q

What is meningitis

A

Viral or bacterial infection of meninges

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33
Q

What are the three meninges layers?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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34
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outer layer of spinal cord

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35
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

Middle meningeal layer

36
Q

What is pia mater?

A

Inner meningeal layer

37
Q

What is the texture of the dura mater?

A

It is tough and fibrous

38
Q

What does the dura mater layer form?

A

The outermost covering of the spinal cord

39
Q

What does the dura mater contain?

A

Dense collagen fibres that are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the cord

40
Q

Further describe the arachnoid mater

A

The inner surface of the dura mater and the outer surface of the arachnoid mater are covered by simple squamous epithelia. The arachnoid mater includes this epithelium, called the arachnoid membrane.

41
Q

What is the texture of the pia mater?

A

A mesh of collagen and elastic fibres

42
Q

What is the pia mater bound to?

A

Underlying neural tissue

43
Q

Where is the subdural space in the arachnoid mater?

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater

44
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space in the arachnoid mater?

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater

45
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Collagen/ elastin fiber network ( arachnoid trabeculae)

46
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

47
Q

What doesCSF act as?

A

A shock absorber

48
Q

What does CSF carry?

A

Dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes

49
Q

Is white matter superficial?

A

Yes

50
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated and unmyelinated axons

51
Q

What does grey matter surround?

A

The central canal of spinal cord

52
Q

What does gray matter contain?

A

Neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons

53
Q

What are gray horns?

A

Gray matter projections

54
Q

What are the three gray horns

A

Posterior
Anterior
Lateral

55
Q

What do posterior gray horns contain?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

56
Q

What do anterior gray horns contain?

A

Somatic motor nuclei

57
Q

What are lateral gray horns in?

A

Thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei

58
Q

What are commissures?

A

Axons that cross from one side of cord to the other before reaching gray matter

59
Q

What do the cell bodies of neurons form?

A

Functional groups called nuclei

60
Q

Describe sensory nuclei?

A

Dorsal (posterior)

Connect to peripheral receptors

61
Q

Describe motor nuclei

A

Ventral (anterior)

Connect to peripheral effectors

62
Q

What do Sensory or motor nucleus location within the gray matter determine?

A

What body part it controls

63
Q

On each side of the spinal cord, in medial to lateral sequence, are somatic motor nuclei that control…?

A
  1. muscles that position the pectoral girdle,
  2. muscles that move the arm,
  3. muscles that move the forearm and hand, and
  4. muscles that move the hand and fingers.
64
Q

What can we predict because the spinal cord is sop highly organised?

A

which muscles will be affected by damage to a specific area of gray matter.

65
Q

The white matter on each side of the spinal cord can be divided into three regions
called columns, what are they?

A

Posterior
Anterior
White

66
Q

Where do posterior white columns lie?

A

Between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus

67
Q

Where do anterior white columns lie?

A

Between anterior grey horns and anterior median fissure

68
Q

What is anterior white commissure?

A

Area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

69
Q

Where are lateral white columns located?

A

On each side of spinal cord between anterior and posterior columns

70
Q

What does each column contain?

A

Tracts (fasciculi) whose axons share functional and structural characteristics

71
Q

What is a tract? (Fasciculus)

A

a bundle of axons in the CNS that is somewhat uniform with respect to diameter, myelination, and conduction speed.

72
Q

What do all axons within a tract do?

A

relay the same type of information (sensory or motor) in the same direction.

73
Q

What do ascending tracts carry?

A

Information to brain

74
Q

What do descending tracts carry?

A

Motor commands to spinal cord

75
Q

What is the central canal surrounded by?

A

Gray matter

76
Q

What does the central canal contain?

A 
Senroray nuclei (dorsal)
Motor nuclei (ventral)
77
Q

What is grey matter covered by?

A

A thick layer of white matter

78
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Ascending and descending axons

79
Q

How is white matter organised?

A

Columns

80
Q

Summary: What does white matter contain?

A

Axon bundles with specific functions

81
Q

Name the components of the central nervous system and of the peripheral nervous system.

A

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, while cranial nerves and spinal nerves constitute the peripheral nervous system.

82
Q

Define spinal reflex

A

A spinal reflex is a rapid, automatic response triggered by specific stimuli. Spinal reflexes are controlled in the spinal cord

83
Q

Identify the three spinal meninges.

A

The three spinal meninges are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

84
Q

Damage to which root of a spinal nerve would interfere with motor function?

A

Damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve, which is composed of both visceral and somatic motor fibres, would interfere with motor function.

85
Q

Differentiate between sensory nuclei and motor nuclei.

A

Sensory nuclei receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors. Motor nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral effectors.

86
Q

A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect which portion of the spinal cord?

A

A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect the columns in the white matter of the spinal cord, because the columns are composed of bundles of myelinated axons.

Anatomy (20 decks)

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