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Anatomy > ✅Organisation Of The Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

✅Organisation Of The Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six regions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Midbrain
  5. Pons
  6. Medulla oblongata
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2
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
• Memory storage and processing
• Conscious and subconscious regulation
of skeletal muscle contractions

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3
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

• Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
• Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

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5
Q

What controls higher mental functions?

A

The cerebrum

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6
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What is the neural Cortex?

A

a layer of gray matter that covers most of the cerebral surface

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8
Q

What does the cerebral cortex form a series of?

A
  1. Elevated ridges (gyri), that serves to increase its surface.
  2. The gyri are separated by shallow depressions called (sulci)
  3. Or by deep grooves called (fissures)
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9
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain?

A

The cerebellum

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10
Q

What does the cerebellum coordinate?

A

Coordinates repetitive body movements (by adjusting ongoing movements by comparing arriving sensations with previously experienced sensations, allowing you to perform the same movements over and over).

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11
Q

How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

A

2

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12
Q

What is the layer of grey matter that covers the cerebellum surface?

A

cerebellar cortex

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13
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

under cerebrum and cerebellum

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14
Q

What does the diencephalon link?

A

Links cerebrum with brain stem

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15
Q

What are the three divisions of the diencephalon

A
  1. Left thalamus
  2. Right thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
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16
Q

What do thalamus do?

A

Each contains relays and processing centers for sensory information

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17
Q

What do hypothalamus do?

A

contains centres involved with emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production

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18
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

A Major endocrine gland

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19
Q

What is the pituitary gland connected to?

A

hypothalamus via infundibulum (narrow stalk)

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20
Q

What are the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland responsible for?

A

the integration of the nervous and endocrine systems.

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21
Q

What is the diencephalon a structural and functional link between?

A

the cerebral hemispheres and the components of the brain stem.

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22
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

Processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum
or cerebellum

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23
Q

What does the brain stem include?

A

• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata

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24
Q

What does the midbrain process?

A

Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes

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25
Q

What does the midbrain contain?

A

contains nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli.

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26
Q

What does the midbrain maintain?

A

Maintains consciousness

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27
Q

What does the pons connects

A

Connects cerebellum to brain stem

28
Q

What does the pons contain?

A

Contains nuclei involved in somatic and visceral motor control

29
Q

What does the medulla oblongata connect?

A

Connects brain to spinal cord

30
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

• Relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centres in other portions
of the brain stem.
• Regulates autonomic functions
• Heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

31
Q

What is the brain?

A

The brain is a large, delicate mass of neural tissue

32
Q

What is the order for complexity in the brain?

A

Ascending from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, brain functions
become more complex and variable

33
Q

Where are Conscious thought and intelligence produced?

A

In the neural cortex of the cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

What are the physical protection for the brain

A

• Bones of the cranium
• Cranial meninges
• Cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

What creates biochemical isolation?

A

Blood-brain barrier

36
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
37
Q

What are cranial meninges continuous with?

A

spinal meninges

38
Q

What do cranial meninges protect the brain from?

A

cranial trauma

39
Q

What does the dura mater contain?

A
  • Inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer)
    • Outer fibrous layer (periosteal layer) fused to periosteum
  • Venous sinuses between two layers
40
Q

What does the arachnoid mater do?

A

Covers brain, providing a smooth surface that does not follow the brain’s
underlying folds.
• Contacts epithelial layer of dura mater

41
Q

What is there a subarachnoid space between?

A

The arachnoid mater and the pia mater

42
Q

How is the pia mater connected to the brain?

A

by astrocytes

43
Q

What are the dural folds?

A

Folded inner layer of dura mater

44
Q

What do the dural folds do?

A

• Extend into cranial cavity
• Stabilize and support brain

45
Q

What do the dural folds contain?

A

collecting veins (dural sinuses)

46
Q

What are the three largest dural folds

A
  1. Falx cerebri
  2. Tentorium cerebelli
  3. Falx cerebelli
47
Q

What does Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) surround?

A

Exposed surfaces of the CNS

48
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

• Cushions delicate neural structures
• Supports brain
• In essence, the brain is suspended inside the cranium and floats in the CSF.
• Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

49
Q

What effect does cerebrovascular disease have?

A

Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain

50
Q

When do strokes occur?

A
  • occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is shut off.
  • Affected neurons begin to die in a matter of minutes
51
Q

What does the BBB do?

A

Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation

52
Q

How is the BBB formed?

A

Formed by network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries

53
Q

What can diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord?

A

Only lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and small alcohols

54
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

cells that are in close contact with CNS capillaries

55
Q

How do astrocytes control the BBB?

A

Releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium so these cells play a key supporting role in the blood–brain barrier

56
Q

What happens if the astrocytes are damaged or stop stimulating?

A

the endothelial cells, the blood–brain barrier disappears.

57
Q

How is the blood- CSF barrier formed?

A

By special ependymal cells

58
Q

What does the blood-CSF barrier do?

A

It limits movement of compounds transferred

It allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ.

59
Q

What do the meninges stabilise?

A

The position of the brain within the cranial cavity

60
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid provide?

A

Protection against sudden jolts and shocks

61
Q

What does CSF provide?

A

Nutrients

62
Q

What does CSF remove?

A

Wastes

63
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier and blood- CSF barrier isolate?

A

The brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function

64
Q

Name the six major regions of the brain.

A

The six major regions of the brain are cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum.

65
Q

What regions make up the brain stem?

A

The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

66
Q

From superficial to deep, name the layers that make up the cranial meninges.

A

The layers of the cranial meninges are the outer dura mater, the middle arachnoid mater, and the inner pia mater.

67
Q

Many water-soluble molecules that are abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Why?

A

Many water-soluble molecules are rare or absent in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of the brain because the blood–brain barrier regulates the movement of such molecules from the blood to the ECF of the brain.

Anatomy (20 decks)

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