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Anatomy > ✅Basic Cells And Tissue > Flashcards

✅Basic Cells And Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are basic cell functions?

A 
Obtain nutrients and oxygen
Perform chemical reactions (for energy)
Eliminate carbon dioxide and waste products 
Synthesise proteins and cell components
control exchange of materials
Adapt, respond to environmental changes
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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeo-similar Stasus-condition

refers to the existence or maintenance of a stable internal environment

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3
Q

At what level is homeostasis maintained?

A

The Cellular level

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4
Q

What does it mean if homeostasis is maintained at a higher level?

A

It reflects combined,coordinated actions of many cells

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5
Q

What components are in the cell interior?

A

The nucleus
Cytoplasm
- cytosol (gel-like fluid)
-cell organelles (membranous/non-membranous)

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6
Q

What components are in the cell exterior?

A

Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

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7
Q

What else is the cell membrane know as?

A

Plasma membrane

Plasmalemma

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8
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

Its is a phospholipid bilayer made up of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

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9
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?

A
  1. Physical Isolation
  2. regulation of exchange with the environment
  3. communication between the cell and its environment
  4. structural support
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10
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • chromatin
  • Nucleolus
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11
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A barrier that surrounds the nucleus, interrupted by nucleus pores.

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12
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A network of fibres made of protein and dna. When cells divide, chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

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13
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Coiled structure composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins associated with DNA/

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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA to synthesise proteins.

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15
Q

What are Membranous organelles surrounded by?

A

Lipid membranes.

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16
Q

What are membranous organelles?

A

endoplasmicreticulum(ER),Golgiapparatus,lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

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17
Q

What are non-membranous organelles always in contact with?

A

The cytosol

18
Q

What are non-membranous organelles?

A

cytoskeleton,microvilli,centrioles,cilia,ribosomes,proteosomes.

19
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

network of membranous channels extending throughout the
cytoplasm
– two forms:
•Granular(Rough),withribosomesattached
• Agranular(Smooth)

20
Q

What are the functions of the ER?

A

• Rough ER:
– Packaging and transport of proteins secreted by cell or distributed to other cell organelles
• SmoothER:
– Lipid synthesis
– Storage and release of calcium for muscle contraction & other cell activities

21
Q

What is the structure of Golgi apparatus?

A

-Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers
– Found near the nucleus

22
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

-Storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products &
lysosomal enzymes
– for transport to plasma membrane

23
Q

What are the types of Vesicles in the Golgi Apparatus?

A

– Secretory vesicles–exocytosis

– Membrane renewal vesicles
– Lysosomes

24
Q

What are the structures of Lysosomes?

A

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

25
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Interacellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens.

26
Q

What is the structure of Peroxisome?

A

Vesicles containing degradative enzymes

27
Q

What is the function of peroxisome?

A

Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralisation of toxic compounds generated in the process

28
Q

What is the mitochondrion otherwise known as?

A

The powerhouse of the cell.

29
Q

Describe 6 points about the mitochondrion

A

• It has a double membrane
• Outer membrane surrounds the organelle
• Inner membrane contains numerous folds (cristae)
• Cristae increase the surface area exposed to the fluid content of matrix
• Metabolic enzymes in the matrix catalyse the reactions that provide energy for cellular functions
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is produced, which provides energy to the cell (~95%)

30
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

– fixed to the rough ER, or
– as free ribosomes scattered in the cytoplasm

31
Q

What does each ribosome consist of?

A

Protein and RNA

32
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Synthesis of proteins from amino acids using information carried
by RNA molecules, from DNA in the nucleus

33
Q

Where do proteins synthesised on free ribosomes go?

A

They pass into the cytosol

34
Q

Where do proteins synthesised by the Er go?

A

They go to the Golgi Apparatus

35
Q

What are three points about Centrioles?

A

• Direct movement of chromosomes in cell division
• Organise the cytoskeleton
• Cytoplasm surrounding them is the centrosom

36
Q

What are two points about the cilia?

A
  • anchored by a basal body

- movement of materials (fluids) across cell surface

37
Q

What is a key point about proteosomes?

A

Breakdown and recycling of
damaged or abnormal proteins
(contain protein-digesting enzymes called
proteases)

38
Q

What are two points about the Cytoskeleton?

A

-Proteins organised in fine filaments or slender tubes
-Provides skeletal strength & flexibilit

39
Q

What is a key point about the microvilli?

A

Increase surface area to facilitate absorption
of extracellular materials

40
Q

Why is plasmalemma said to be selectively permeable?

A

It allows for free passage of some molecules and restricts the passage of other

41
Q

What type of ribosome can be found attached to the rough ER?

A

Fixed ribosomes

Anatomy (20 decks)

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