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Anatomy > ✅Neural Integration/Infromation Processing > Flashcards

✅Neural Integration/Infromation Processing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the simplest form of information processing?

A

A change in transmembrane potential that determines whether or not action potentials are generated.

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2
Q

What is transmembrane potential?

A

Charge (voltage) difference between the inside and outside of a cell due to separation in voltage

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3
Q

How are excitatory and inhibitory stimuli integrated?

A

Interaction between postsynaptic potentials

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4
Q

What are postsynaptic potentials?

A

Graded potentials that develop in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter

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5
Q

What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials?

A
  • excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

- Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

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6
Q

What is Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials?

A

Graded depolarisation of the postsynaptic membrane

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7
Q

what is the Inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

Graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

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8
Q

What happens in the axon hillock?

A

The decision whether or not to propagate the action potential along the axon of the post-synaptic neuron

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9
Q

How is the decision whether or not to propagate the action potential along the axon of the post-synaptic neuron achieved?

A

Through summation of the incoming impulses. If the total impulse reaches threshold, the post-synaptic neuron depolarises and the action potential is propagated

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10
Q

What happens if the sum does not reach the threshold in decision making in the CNS?

A

The AP is not propagated

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11
Q

What are the two methods of summation?

A

Temporal and spatial

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12
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Integration of simultaneous synaptic currents by a neuron

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13
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Summation of synaptic potentials over time

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of temporal summation?

A

Multiple times

Rapid repeated stimuli at one synapse

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15
Q

On what membrane does temporal summation occur?

A

A membrane that receives two depolarising stimuli from the same source in rapid succession. The effects of the second stimulus are added to those of the first

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of spatial summation?

A

Multiple locations

Many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses

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17
Q

When does spatial summation occur?

A

When sources of stimulation arrive simultaneously, but at different locations. Local currents spread the depolarising effects, and areas of overlap experience the combined effects

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18
Q

What are neurons constantly under the influence of?

A

Background synaptic activity

19
Q

Why can background activity influence neuronal excitability?

A

Because background activity changes

20
Q

What does increased excitatory drive results in?

A

Greater excitability (facilitation)

21
Q

What does Increased inhibitory drive results in?

A

Decreased excitability (inhibition)

22
Q

What are the five stages of the organisation of neuronal pools?

A
  1. Divergence
  2. Convergence
  3. Serial Procession
  4. Parallel processing
  5. Reverberation
23
Q

What is divergence?

A

A mechanism for spreading stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in the CNS

24
Q

What is convergence?

A

A mechanism for providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources

25
Q

What is serial processing?

A

A mechanism in which neurons or pools work sequentially

26
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

A mechanism in which neurons of pools process the same information simultaneously

27
Q

What is reverberation?

A

A positive feedback mechanism

28
Q

What are synapses between the axons called?

A

Axoaxonic synapses

29
Q

What do axoaxonic synapses do?

A

They act to change how effective a synapse is

30
Q

What is presynaptic inhibition?

A

Action of an axoaxonic synpase at a synaptic terminal that decreases the neurotransmitter released by presynaptic membrane

31
Q

What is presynaptic facilitation?

A

Action of an axoaxonic synpase at a synaptic terminal that increases the neurotransmitter released by presynaptic membrane

32
Q

What does presynaptic inhibition do?

A

It inhibits the opening of voltage-regulated calcium channels reducing the amount of neurotransmitter released

33
Q

What effects might neurotransmitters released at a synapse have?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

34
Q

What does the effect on the axon’s initial segment reflect?

A

A summation of the stimuli that arrive at any moment

35
Q

What is The frequency of generation of action potentials an indication of?

A

The degree of sustained depolarisation at the axon hillock

36
Q

What do neuromodulators contribute to and what do the act on when released?

A

Contribute to volume transmission

Act locally on many neurons changing their input/output properties

37
Q

Each human brain has how many neurones?

A

100 billion

38
Q

What do the neurones in each human brain form?

A

Complex connections and activity patterns that make you who you are

39
Q

Who do psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality?

A

By either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission

40
Q

What do excitatory drugs do? Give examples

A

Increase synaptic transmission
Includes many (but not all) stimulant drugs
- Nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine

41
Q

What do inhibitory drugs do? Give examples

A

Decrease synaptic transmission
Includes many (but not all) depressant drugs
- Benzodiazepines (valium), alcohol, THC

42
Q

How do inhibitory drugs ace on synapses?

A

Mimic inhibitory NTs:

Increase hyperpolarisation of post synaptic neurone
Fewer action potentials

Block Excitatory NTs:

Prevent propagation of action potentials
Block pain pathways by competitive inhibition with pain related NTs

43
Q

How do excitatory drugs act on synapses?

A

Block re-uptake pumps for NTs:
NT remains in synapse

Mimic Excitatory NTs:
Increase depolarisation of post-synaptic neurone
More action potentials

Block Inhibitory NTs:

Prevent inhibition of action potentials

Anatomy (20 decks)

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