Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > ✅Muscles & Mechanics Of Respiration > Flashcards

✅Muscles & Mechanics Of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the larynx associated with?

A
  1. Muscles of neck and pharynx

2. Intrinsic muscles:
– Control vocal folds
– Open and close glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Trachealis muscle do?

A

Controls air going in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two pleural cavities separated by?

A

mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does each pleural cavity contain?

A

– Holds a lung
– Is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are pleura?

A

Thin membranes between the lung & chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the inner and outer pleura called?

A

» Visceral pleura (inner)
» Parietal pleura (outer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe pleural space

A

» Contains a small amount of fluid
» Airtight, creating a negative pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does Pneumothorax occur?

A

Occurs when air enters the pleural space, due to spontaneous rupture or trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens when Pneumothorax occurs?

A

Lung collapses while chest wall expands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What lubricates space between two layers?

A

Pleural Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does boyles law refine?

A

• Defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume
P = 1/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in a contained gas?

A

– External pressure forces molecules closer together
– Movement of gas molecules exerts pressure on container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens If you decrease the volume of the container

A

collisions occur more often per unit of time, increasing the pressure of the gas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens If you increase the volume?

A

fewer collisions occur per unit of time, because it takes longer for a gas molecule to travel from one wall to another. As a result, the gas pressure inside the container decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in the body when breathing?

A

» Ribcage moves upward & outward during inspiration
» Ribcage moves downward & inward during expiration
» Inspiration creates a more –ve pressure in pleural space & lungs
» Air fills the lungs until the intrapulmonary gas pressure equals atmospheric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, functioning like a piston

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in expiration?

A

» “Elastic” recoil
» When ventilatory requirements increase (e.g. exercise), muscles of expiration are recruited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What direction does air flow?

A

from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does A respiratory cycle consist of?

A 
An inspiration (inhalation)
An expiration (exhalation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the components of the ventilatory pump?

A

chest wall, respiratory muscles, pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the chest wall made up of?

A

» Muscles of respiration (mostly intercostals)
» Bones (spine, ribs and sternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the chest wall do?

A

It Enables outward expansion and inward recoil forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the respiratory muscles made up of?

A

» Diaphragm (major inspiratory muscle), separates the thorax from abdomen (bottom) & from the muscular chest wall (sides)
» Expiratory muscles used in “active breathing” (major: internal intercostals & abdominal muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation do?

A

Causes volume changes that create changes in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The volume of the thoracic cavity changes with expansion or contraction of……. or …….

A

Diaphragm

Rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the diaphragm form?

A

The floor of the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the diaphragm’s shape when relaxed?

A

Dome shaped

28
Q

What is the diaphragm made up of?

A

xiphoid process, internal surface of rib cage, costal cartilages of last 6 ribs and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebra

29
Q

What is inside the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon

30
Q

What is always active?

A

Inhalation

31
Q

What are the mechanics of breathing?

A

As the rib cage is elevated or the diaphragm is depressed, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases

32
Q

What does Boyle’s law define?

A

The relationship between gas pressure and volume

33
Q

What does P =

A

1/V

34
Q

What happens in a contained gas?

A

– External pressure forces molecules closer together
– Movement of gas molecules exerts pressure on container

35
Q

What are the four most common methods of reporting gas pressures?

A

Millimetres of mercury
Torr
Centimetres of water
Pounds per square inch

36
Q

What is the mechanics of inhalation?

P outside > P inside

A

Elevation of the rib cage and contraction of the diaphragm increase the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases, and air flows into the lungs.

37
Q

What is the mechanics of exhalation?

P outside < P inside

A

When the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure increases, and air moves out of the lungs

38
Q

What major factors does breathing depend on?

A
  • the compliance of the lungs and chest wall
  • the resistance of the airways to the smooth flow of air
39
Q

Describe wall compliance

A

The lung is elastic: constantly pulling inward & would collapse if not held open by the chest wall. The chest wall is also elastic, put constantly being pulled outward by muscles that are always under slight tension

40
Q

Describe the airway resistance

A

The radius of the vessels of the airway establishes the resistance to airflow (inverse square law). Diameter of bronchi & bronchioles rarely restrict flow of air in healthy persons, but in some diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) airflow is restricted.

41
Q

Compliance is an indicator of what?

A

Expandability

42
Q

Low compliance requires what?

A

Greater force

43
Q

High compliance requires what?

A

Less force

44
Q

What 3 factors affect compliance?

A
  1. Connective tissue structure of the lungs
  2. Level of surfactant production
  3. Mobility of the thoracic cage
45
Q

Describe surfactant

A

• An oily secretion
• Contains phospholipids and proteins
• Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension

46
Q

What is The intrapulmonary (also called intra-alveolar) pressure is relative to?

A

Atmospheric pressure

47
Q

In relaxed breathing, the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure is what?

A

Small

48
Q

Maximum intrapulmonary pressure: during maximum straining (dangerous activity) range can increase from what?

A

-30 mm Hg (inhalation) to +100 mm Hg (closed glottis)

49
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

The pressure in space between the parietal and visceral pleura

50
Q

What does the intrapleural pressure remain below?

A

atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle (due to relationship between lungs and body wall)

51
Q

Describe 2 injuries to the chest wall

A

– Pneumothorax allows air into pleural cavity
– Atelectasis (also called a collapsed lung) as a result of pneumothorax

52
Q

What does Cyclical changes in intrapleural pressure operate?

A

the respiratory pump, aiding venous return to the heart

53
Q

What is tidal volume (Vt)?

A

the amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle

54
Q

What are the most important respiratory muscles? (Primary respiratory muscles)

A

• The diaphragm
• External intercostal muscles of the ribs
• Accessory respiratory muscles – activated only when respiration increases significantly

55
Q

Why is the diaphragm important in inhalation?

A

– Contraction draws air into lungs – 75% of normal air movement

56
Q

Why are External intercostal muscles important to inhalation?

A

– Assist inhalation
– 25% of normal air movement

57
Q

Why are accessory muscle important in inhalation?

A

Assist in elevating the ribs

58
Q

What are the accessory muscles?

A

– Sternocleidomastoid
– Serratus anterior
– Pectoralis minor
– Scalene muscles

59
Q

When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active?

A

When the depth and frequency of respiration must be increased markedly

60
Q

What do the Internal intercostal +
transversus thoracis
muscles in exhalation?

A

Depress the ribs

61
Q

What do the abdominal muscles do in exhalation?

A

Compress the abdomen

Forces the diaphragm upward

62
Q

What are the two modes of breathing?

A

Quiet

Forced

63
Q

Describe quiet breathing

A

– Involves active inhalation and passive exhalation – Diaphragmatic breathing or deep breathing
 dominated by diaphragm
– Costal breathing or shallow breathing
 dominated by rib cage movements

64
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Shortness of breath” – producing an accelerated pattern of shallow, ineffective breathing, and accompanies elevated arterial CO2 and [H+]

65
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Overbreathing” so that the increase in pulmonary ventilation exceeds the oxygen needs of metabolism, it lowers the normal alveolar concentration of CO2, leading to excessive CO2 unloading

Anatomy (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions