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Year 2 - Neuroscience > Organisation of Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Organisation of Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Grey Matter?

A 
Neurons (50bn)
Glial cells (500bn)

30% is visible
70% is hidden in the SULCI

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2
Q

White Matter?

A

Includes
o myelinated neuronal axons

which go on to form white matter tracts

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3
Q

3 types of White Matter fibres?

A
  1. Association fibres
    o connect areas within the same hemisphere
  2. Commissural fibres
    o connect left hemisphere to right hemisphere
  3. Projection fibres
    o connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus), brainstem and spinal cord
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4
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

A new evolutional development that describes the 6 layers in the diagram!

a part of the cerebral cortex concerned with sight and hearing in mammals, regarded as the most recently evolved part of the cortex

ONENOTE!

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5
Q

How many Cortical layers are there in the Grey Matter?

A

6!

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6
Q

Layer 1 of the Grey Matter?

A 
Contains mainly
 o  neuropil (dense network of interwoven nerve fibres & glia)
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7
Q

Layer 2/3 of the Grey Matter?

A

Contains

o pyramidal neurons that have primary Cortico-cortical connections

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8
Q

Layer 4 of the Grey Matter?

A

Has mainly
o stellate neurones
o with local axons in the primary sensory cortices
o that RECEIVE input from the thalamus

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9
Q

Layer 5/6 of the Grey Matter?

A

Typically contain
o pyramidal neurons
o whose axons leave the cortex (there are about 50 distinct cortical regions)
- contains the large BETZ CELLS

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10
Q

Output/Inputs of the cortical layers of the Grey Matter?

A

Layer 1/2/3 = Output to CORTEX

Layer 4 = INPUT

Layer 5/6 = Output to NON-CORTEX

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11
Q

How are the neurones organised locally in the cortical layers?

A

Into COLUMNS
o along the columns, have dense vertical connections
o these neurones interact with one another
o basis for TOPOGRAPHICAL ORGANISATION

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12
Q

Brodmann’s Areas?

A

Split the cerebral cortex up into areas with distinct histological patterns & functions
i.e. (respond to same stimuli)

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13
Q

Explain the Association Fibres

A

WHITE MATTER

2 TYPES
o Short Association Fibres - connect SHORT distances
o Long Association Fibres = connect more DISTANT structure

LUDLEYS!!

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14
Q

Long Association Fibres?

A

White Matter - connect more distant structures

e.g.
o Super Longitudinal Fasciculus
- connects frontal & occipital lobes

o Arcuate Fasciculus
- connects frontal & temporal lobes

o Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
- connects temporal & occipital lobes

o Uncinate Fasciculus
- connects anterior frontal & temporal lobes

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15
Q

Function of Commissural and Projection Fibres?

A

WHITE MATTER

Commissural Fibres
o connect hemispheres e.g. corpus callosum

Projection Fibres
o long projections out of cortex e.g. internal capsule

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16
Q

Neocortex is comprised of different lobes - what are these lobes?

A

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe

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17
Q

Occipital Lobe?

A

Vision Association Cortex

o Ventral pathway = form & colour
o Dorsal pathway = spatial relationships * movement

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18
Q

Parietal Lobe?

A

Posterior Parietal Association Cortex
o Spatial map of the body in the surroundings

Injury may cause
o disorientation
o inability to read a map
o inability to understand spatial relationships e.g. apraxia & neglect

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe?

A

Language, object recognition, memory & emotion

Injury leads to
 o Agnosia (inability to interpret sensations although sense organs & nerves are functioning normally)

o Receptive aphasia (inability to create speech)

20
Q

Frontal Lobe?

A

Judgement, foresight, personality and appreciation of self in relation to the world

Injury leads to
o deficits in planning
o inappropriate behaviour

21
Q

Primary Cortices?

A

Predictable function
Organised topographically
Left-right symmetry

22
Q

Association Cortices?

A

Function less predictable
Not organised topographically
Left-right symmetry weak/absent

23
Q

What helps in ‘Voluntary skeletal muscle movements’?

A

o Primary motor cortex
- precentral gyrus

o Premotor cortex
- motor association area

24
Q

What helps in ‘Recognition & interpretation of sensory information from skin, muscles and taste buds’?

A

o Primary somatosensory cortex
- postcentral gyrus

o Sensory association area

BOTH = Parietal Lobe

25
Q

What helps in ‘Vision’?

A

Visual Association Area

Primary Visual Cortex

BOTH = Occipital Lobe

26
Q

What helps in ‘Hearing’?

A

Auditory Association Area

Primary Auditory Cortex

BOTH = Temporal Lobe

27
Q

What helps in ‘Coordinate information from other association areas’?

A

Prefrontal Association Area

= Frontal Lobe

28
Q

Lesion in posterior part of brain (Onenote!)?

A

Primary Motor Cortex
o Paralysis
- full or partial loss of fine voluntary movements contralateral

o Paresis
- muscular weakeness

Pre-motor cortex/Motor association cortex
o Apraxia
- difficulty in motor planning to perform voluntary tasks

29
Q

Lesion in Frontal Lobe?

A

Prefrontal Association Area

o Deficits in planning & inappropriate behaviour
- due to what the area controls!

o Aphasia

  • inability to create speech but preserved comprehension
  • BROCA’S AREA is in the frontal lobe!!
30
Q

Lesion in Parietal Lobe?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

o Sensory deficits - in PERCEPTION of basic sensory information

Sensory Association Area

o Sensory deficits - in INTERPRETATION of sensory information
- e.g. Spatial neglect (unaware of contralateral side)
- Area involved in tactile recognition, flavour recognition, spatial orientation, ability to read maps, reading, writing and calculations
SO
Can have
o Alexia - inability to recognise/read words
o Agraphia - inability to write words
o Acaluclia - inability to perform calculations

31
Q

Lesions in Occipitial Lobe?

A

Primary Visual Cortex
o Blindness

Visual Association Cortex
o Visual deficits - in interpretation of visual info.
e.g. PROSOPAGNOSIA - inability to recognise familiar faces

32
Q

Lesions in Temporal Lobe?

A

Primary Auditory Cortex
o Deafness

Auditory Association Cortex
o Visual deficits - in interpretation of auditory info.
e.g. Wernicke’s/receptive aphasia - impaired comprehension but preserved speech function

Temporal Lobe
o Anterograde amnesia - inability to form NEW memories

33
Q

Functional methods available to test functionality of the different parts of the brain?

A 
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
PET
fMRI
EEG
MEG
Structural Imaging (DTI)
34
Q

How is TMS used to test lesions?

A

Transcranial Magentic Stimulation

Measures the effects if interference with normal info. processing due to electro-magnetic stimulation of neurones

35
Q

Benefits of using TMS?

A

o Effects of stimulation generally more precise

o Healthy ppts. can be used as control

o Insufficient time for functional reorganisation to take place so recovery processes of the brain unlikely to confound results

o Allows investigation of temporal dynamics of on-line neuronal processing

36
Q

How is PET used to test lesions?

A

Positron Emission Tomography

Measures changes in amount of flow directly to a brain region
o use radioactive tracer attached to a molecule which is absorbed in brain

37
Q

Limitations of PET?

A

£££

38
Q

How is fMRI used to test lesions?

A

Measures changes in amount of blood O2 in a brain region

39
Q

How is EEG used to test lesions?

A

Electroencephalography

Measured ELECTRICAL SIGNALS generated by the brain

40
Q

How is MEG used to test lesions?

A

Magnetoencephalography

Measured MAGNETIC FIELDS generated by the electrical currents in the brain

41
Q

How is Structural Imaging used to test lesions?

A

Measures effects of lesions in white matter
o DTI - diffusion tensor imaging
- (movement of water molecules in brain can be used to infer underlying structure of the white matter which can estimate connections)

Traumatic brain injury
o thought to be due to disruptions in these white matter tracts

42
Q

Hemispheric Specialisation?

A

One or the other hemisphere is more active during certain tasks
e.g. language dominant in L-SIDE

43
Q

Left Hemisphere?

A

Verbal + Analytical

Logical + Scientific

44
Q

Right Hemisphere?

A

Non-Verbal!

Artistic + Creative

45
Q

Callosotomy?

A

Pallative surgical procedure for treatment of seizures

o remove corpus callosum as key for the interhemispheric spread of epileptic activity

46
Q

Callosotomy and seeing the hemispheres?

A

Can show things to one eye or another and see that the image is being processed by ONE HEMISPHERE

e.g.
o If show the L-hemisphere (flashes on right field of view), will be able to READ
o If show the R-hemisphere (flashes on left field of view), will be able to DRAW but NOT read

Year 2 - Neuroscience (18 decks)

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