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Year 2 - Neuroscience > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Subthalamus (sub-thalamic nucleus)
Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What divides the thalamus and into what?

A

3rd ventricle

Into L and R thalamus

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3
Q

Where is the thalamus situated?

A

Sits ventral to the lateral ventricles (basal ganglia seen dorsally)

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4
Q

How is the thalamus organised?

A

Organised into a collection of discrete/individual nuclei

Each nuclei has a separate function & connection w ipsilateral forebrain structures

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5
Q

Internal capsule?

A

Separates thalamus from the caudate nucleus

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6
Q

Function of the thalamus?

A

Relay centre between cerebral cortex & other parts of the CNS

Integrates/modulates info. en route

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7
Q

What is an exception to thalamic function?

A

Involved in ALL sensory systems (except olfactory [smell])

Key relay centre to cortical sensory areas - enhances OR restricts signals

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8
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

Postcentral gyrus (just behind central sulcus) in the parietal lobe

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9
Q

E.g. specific thalamic nuclei involved in the somatosensory pathway?

A

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus

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10
Q

What can the thalamus nuclei be classed as?

A

SAIR

Specific - connected to 1o cortical areas

Association - connected to association cortex

Intralaminar - connected to ALL cortical areas

Reticular - NOT connected to the cortex

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11
Q

Structures associated with intralaminar nuclei?

A

Project to various medial temporal lobe structues

x Amygdala (inferior part of temporal lobe) - emotions, fear, anxiety
x Hippocampus (behind amygdala, lying on floor) - memory
x Basal ganglis (subcortical area) - movement
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12
Q

Type of neurones associated with intralaminar nuclei?

A

Glutamatergic neurones

i.e. excitatory!

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13
Q

What can a loss of neurones in the intralaminar nuclei cause?

A

Associated with
x PSP (progessive supranuclear pasly) - problems w. walking & balance
x Parkinsons disease

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14
Q

What is the reticular nucleus?

A

Forms the outer covering of the thalamus

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15
Q

Type of neurones associated with reticular nucleus?

A

GABAergic i.e. inhibitory

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16
Q

What is different about the reticular nucleus compared to other thalamic nuclei?

A

They do NOT connect w distal regions BUT with OTHER thalamic nuclei

17
Q

What is the function of the reticular nucleus?

A

Receives input from thalamic nuclei axons
SO
acts to modulate thalamic activity (-ve feedback)

18
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Set of interconnected pathways in the brainstem - sends ascending projections to the forebrain nuclei

19
Q

What is the reticular formation invovled in?

A

Consciousness and arousal

Degree of wakefulness depends on ARAS activity

20
Q

What is ARAS?

A

Ascending reticular activating system

21
Q

What makes up ARAS?

A

Reticular formation
Intralaminar nuclei
Reticular nucleus

22
Q

What divides the hypothalamus?

A

3rd ventricle - divided into L and R

23
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Each side is a collection of individual nuclei with distinct functions

Largerly ipsilateral connection with other nuclei

24
Q

What are the hypothalamus involved in?

A

Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
Mating

25
Q

3 functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Coordinates homeostatic mechanisms by:

x regulating ANS via connections w. spinal cord
x connections w endocrine systems e.g. pg
x controlling behaviours via connections w. forebrain structures

26
Q

Paraventricular nuclei?

A

Involved in feeding behaviours - recieves input from the arcuate (infundibular) nuclei in the hypothalamus

Sends projections to ANS and posterior P.G

27
Q

What can PVN lesions cause?

A

Hyperphagia - abnormal increased desire for food

Weight gain

28
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Directly above the optic chiasm

Responsible for controlling circadian rhythm

29
Q

Pineal gland?

A

Said to be invovled in the secretion of melatonin which helps regulate sleep patterns

Year 2 - Neuroscience (18 decks)

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