Organisation - Non-communicable Diseases 67-71 Flashcards
what is a communicable disease
a disease that can spread from person to person or animal to people
what can communicable diseases be caused by
4 points
1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) parasites
4) fungi
give 2 examples of communicable diseases
2 points
1) malaria
2) measles
what is a non-communicable disease
1) they cannot be spread between people or animals
2) generally last for a long time and get worse slowly
what are 3 examples of non-communicable diseases
3 points
1) asthma
2) cancer
3) coronary heart disease
give 4 examples of how diseases can interact and cause other physical and mental health issues
4 points
1) people with immune system issues are more likely to suffer form communicable diseases as body less likely to defend itself
2) cancer can be triggered by infection by certain viruses
3) immune system reactions caused by infection of pathogen can trigger allergic reactions or worsen asthma symptoms
4) mental health issues can be triggered when someone is suffering from severe physical health problems
give 2 example of how cancer can be triggered by infection by certain viruses
2 points
1) hepatitis virus can cause long term infections in the liver which increases chances of developing liver cancer
2) HPV virus can cause cervical cancer
what are 3 other factors that can affect your health
3 points
1) good balanced diet
2) stress
3) life situation e.g. access to medical care
what are 2 human costs of non-communicable diseases
1) people die
2) have lower quality life
what are 4 financial costs of non-communicable diseases
4 points
1) cost to health services - researching and treating
2) families may have to move or adapt their home
3) might have to give up work or dies so family income will be reduced
4) reduction of people able to work affects countries economy
what are 3 risk factors that can increase your chance of getting a disease
3 points
1) persons lifestyle e.g. exercise
2) presence of certain substances in the atmosphere e.g. air pollution
3) presence of substances in your body e.g. asbestos fibres
what are trends in different countries
2 points
1) developed countries more common to have NCD as higher income can buy more high fat food
2) nationally people from more deprived areas are more likely to smoke have a poor diet and not exercise - so more CVD, obesity and type 2 diabetes
what are 2 risk factors that can cause a disease directly
2 points
1) smoking damages artery walls and cells in the lining of lungs - causes CVD, lung cancer and lung disease
2) obesity makes the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin so it struggles to control levels of glucose in the blood - causes type 2 diabetes
how can drinking directly cause disease
3 points
1) too much alcohol causes liver disease as the liver breaks down alcohol but the reaction damages liver cells
2) liver cells may also be damaged when toxic chemicals leak from the gut due to damage to the intestines caused by alcohol
3) can damage nerve cell in the brain causing it to loose volume affecting brain function
what are risk factors in pregnancy
2 points
1) smoking - reduces oxygen the baby receives in the womb causing health problems
2) alcohol - damages baby cells affecting development and causing health issues
what are carcinogens
3 points
1) things that cause cancer
2) some damage a cells DNA making them more likely to divide uncontrollably
3) ionising radiation e.g. from x-rays
what is the difference between a direct risk factor other risk factors - give an example
3 points
1) some risk factors aren’t the direct cause of a disease but links to another risk factor that is
2) e.g. a lack of exercise and high fat diet are linked to CVD but don’t cause it directly
3) it’s the high blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol levels that actually cause it
what is cancer caused by
2 points
1) uncontrolled cell growth and division
2) which results in the formation of a tumour
what are the 2 types of tumours
2 points
1) benign
2) malignant
what is a benign tumour
3 points
1) where a tumour grows until there is not more room
2) it stays in one place usually within a membrane
3) isn’t normally dangerous or cancerous
what is a malignant tumour
4 points
1) where a tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
2) cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body via bloodstream
3) malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body forming secondary tumours
4) they are dangerous and can be fatal
why have cancer survival rates improved
3 points
1) improved treatment
2) able to diagnose cancer earlier
3) increase screening for disease
what are lifestyle risk factors associated with various types of cancer
4 points
1) smoking - lung, mouth, bowel, stomach, cervical cancer
2) obesity - bowel, liver and kidney cancer
3) UV exposure - skin cancer
4) sharing needles or unprotected sex - viral infections like hep B and C causes liver cancer
what are genetic risk factors associated with various types of cancer
1) inherit faulty genes
2) mutations in the BRCA linked to developing breast and ovarian cancer
