Organisation - non-communicable diseases 67-71

Question 1

what is a communicable disease

Answer 1

a disease that can spread from person to person or animal to people

Question 2

what can communicable diseases be caused by
4 points

Answer 2

1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) parasites
4) fungi

Question 3

give 2 examples of communicable diseases
2 points

Answer 3

1) malaria
2) measles

Question 4

what is a non-communicable disease

Answer 4

1) they cannot be spread between people or animals
2) generally last for a long time and get worse slowly

Question 5

what are 3 examples of non-communicable diseases
3 points

Answer 5

1) asthma
2) cancer
3) coronary heart disease

Question 6

give 4 examples of how diseases can interact and cause other physical and mental health issues
4 points

Answer 6

1) people with immune system issues are more likely to suffer form communicable diseases as body less likely to defend itself
2) cancer can be triggered by infection by certain viruses
3) immune system reactions caused by infection of pathogen can trigger allergic reactions or worsen asthma symptoms
4) mental health issues can be triggered when someone is suffering from severe physical health problems

Question 6

give 2 example of how cancer can be triggered by infection by certain viruses
2 points

Answer 6

1) hepatitis virus can cause long term infections in the liver which increases chances of developing liver cancer
2) HPV virus can cause cervical cancer

Question 6

what are 3 other factors that can affect your health
3 points

Answer 6

1) good balanced diet
2) stress
3) life situation e.g. access to medical care

Question 6

what are 2 human costs of non-communicable diseases

Answer 6

1) people die
2) have lower quality life

Question 7

what are 4 financial costs of non-communicable diseases
4 points

Answer 7

1) cost to health services - researching and treating
2) families may have to move or adapt their home
3) might have to give up work or dies so family income will be reduced
4) reduction of people able to work affects countries economy

Question 8

what are 3 risk factors that can increase your chance of getting a disease
3 points

Answer 8

1) persons lifestyle e.g. exercise
2) presence of certain substances in the atmosphere e.g. air pollution
3) presence of substances in your body e.g. asbestos fibres

Question 9

what are trends in different countries
2 points

Answer 9

1) developed countries more common to have NCD as higher income can buy more high fat food
2) nationally people from more deprived areas are more likely to smoke have a poor diet and not exercise - so more CVD, obesity and type 2 diabetes

Question 10

what are 2 risk factors that can cause a disease directly
2 points

Answer 10

1) smoking damages artery walls and cells in the lining of lungs - causes CVD, lung cancer and lung disease
2) obesity makes the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin so it struggles to control levels of glucose in the blood - causes type 2 diabetes

Question 11

how can drinking directly cause disease
3 points

Answer 11

1) too much alcohol causes liver disease as the liver breaks down alcohol but the reaction damages liver cells
2) liver cells may also be damaged when toxic chemicals leak from the gut due to damage to the intestines caused by alcohol
3) can damage nerve cell in the brain causing it to loose volume affecting brain function

Question 12

what are risk factors in pregnancy
2 points

Answer 12

1) smoking - reduces oxygen the baby receives in the womb causing health problems
2) alcohol - damages baby cells affecting development and causing health issues

Question 13

what are carcinogens
3 points

Answer 13

1) things that cause cancer
2) some damage a cells DNA making them more likely to divide uncontrollably
3) ionising radiation e.g. from x-rays

Question 14

what is the difference between a direct risk factor other risk factors - give an example
3 points

Answer 14

1) some risk factors aren’t the direct cause of a disease but links to another risk factor that is
2) e.g. a lack of exercise and high fat diet are linked to CVD but don’t cause it directly
3) it’s the high blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol levels that actually cause it

Question 15

what is cancer caused by
2 points

Answer 15

1) uncontrolled cell growth and division
2) which results in the formation of a tumour

Question 16

what are the 2 types of tumours
2 points

Answer 16

1) benign
2) malignant

Question 17

what is a benign tumour
3 points

Answer 17

1) where a tumour grows until there is not more room
2) it stays in one place usually within a membrane
3) isn’t normally dangerous or cancerous

Question 18

what is a malignant tumour
4 points

Answer 18

1) where a tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
2) cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body via bloodstream
3) malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body forming secondary tumours
4) they are dangerous and can be fatal

Question 19

why have cancer survival rates improved
3 points

Answer 19

1) improved treatment
2) able to diagnose cancer earlier
3) increase screening for disease

Question 20

what are lifestyle risk factors associated with various types of cancer
4 points

Answer 20

1) smoking - lung, mouth, bowel, stomach, cervical cancer
2) obesity - bowel, liver and kidney cancer
3) UV exposure - skin cancer
4) sharing needles or unprotected sex - viral infections like hep B and C causes liver cancer

Question 21

what are genetic risk factors associated with various types of cancer

Answer 21

1) inherit faulty genes
2) mutations in the BRCA linked to developing breast and ovarian cancer