infection and response - communicable diseases

Question 1

what are the main types of pathogen
4 points

Answer 1

1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) fungi
4) protists

Question 2

what are pathogens

Answer 2

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

Question 3

what are bacteria

Answer 3

very small living cells

Question 4

what are viruses

Answer 4

they are not cells

Question 5

how do bacteria make you ill

Answer 5

they make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

Question 6

how do viruses make you ill
4 points

Answer 6

1) they can reproduce rapidly inside your body
2) they live inside your cells and using the cells’ machinery they replicate themselves
3) the cell will usually then burst, releasing all the new viruses
4) the cell damage is what makes you feel ill

Question 7

what are protists
2 points

Answer 7

1) single-celled Eukaryotes
2) some are parasites

Question 8

how do protist parasites make you ill

Answer 8

they live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage

Question 9

what are fungi
2 points

Answer 9

1) some are single-celled
2) others have a body which is made up of hyphae

Question 10

how can hyphae make you ill
2 points

Answer 10

1) they can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing disease
2) they can produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals

Question 11

what are the main ways pathogens can be spread
3 points

Answer 11

1) water
2) air
3) direct contact

Question 12

what are some examples of viral diseases

Answer 12

1) HIV
2) measles
3) tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

Question 13

how is measles spread

Answer 13

by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

Question 14

what are some symptoms of measles
2 points

Answer 14

1) red skin rash
2) fever

Question 15

what are the complications of measles
2 points

Answer 15

1) can lead to pneumonia
2) or an inflammation in the brain

Question 16

how is HIV spread
2 points

Answer 16

1) it’s spread by sexual contact
2) or by exchanging bodily fluids like blood

Question 17

what are the symptoms of HIV

Answer 17

1) flu-like symptoms for a few weeks
2) usually then no symptoms for several years

Question 18

how does HIV make you ill
3 points

Answer 18

1) the virus attacks the immune cells
2) of the body’s immune system is badly damaged, it can’t cope with other infections or cancers
3) at this point the virus is known as late stage HIV infection or AIDS

Question 19

how can HIV be treated
2 points

Answer 19

1) before it becomes AIDS or late stage HIV, it can be treated with antiretroviral drugs
2) these stop the virus replicating

Question 20

how is TMV spread

Answer 20

by direct contact between infected plants

Question 21

what are the symptoms of TMV

Answer 21

a mosaic pattern on the leaves parts of the leaves become discolourated

Question 22

how does TMV make plants ill
2 points

Answer 22

1) the discolouration of the leaves means the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well
2) so less glucose made so no protein for growth

Question 23

how can TMV be treated

Answer 23

there is no cure, but prevent spread to other plants

Question 24

how is rose black spot spread

Answer 24

through the environment in water or by wind

Question 25

what are the symptoms of rose black spot
2 points

Answer 25

1) purple or black spots developed on the leaves of rose plants
2) they can turn yellow and drop off

Question 26

how can rose black spot make roses ill

Answer 26

1) the purple or black spots on the leaves means that photosynthesis can’t happen as well
2) so the plant doesn’t grow very well

Question 27

how can rose black spot be treated

Question 28

what is an example of a fungal disease

Answer 28

rose black spot

Question 29

what is an example of a disease caused by a protist

Answer 29

malaria

Question 30

how is malaria spread
3 points

Answer 30

1) mosquitoes are vectors for malaria
2) they pick up the malarial protist when they feed on an infected animal
3) every time a mosquito feeds on another animal, it infects it by inserting the protist into the animal’s blood vessels

Question 31

what are some symptoms of malaria

Answer 31

it causes repeating episode of fever and it can be fatal

Question 32

how can malaria be prevented

Answer 32

people can be protected from mosquitoes using insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 33

what are some examples of bacterial diseases

Answer 33

1) salmonella
2) gonorrhea

Question 34

how can you get salmonella
2 points

Answer 34

1) by eating food that’s been contaminated with salmonella bacteria
2) or by eating food that’s been contaminated by being prepared in unhygienic conditions

Question 35

what are the symptoms of salmonella
4 points

Answer 35

1) fever
2) stomach cramps
3) vomiting
4) diarrhoea

Question 36

how can salmonella be prevented

Answer 36

by vaccinating animals like chicken

Question 37

how is gonorrhoea spread

Answer 37

by sexual contact

Question 38

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
2 points

Answer 38

1) pain when urinating
2) yellow or green discharge

Question 39

how can gonorrhoea be treated
2 points

Answer 39

1) it was originally treated with penicillin but this has become trickier because strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it
2) people should use barrier methods

Question 40

how can the spread of disease be prevented or reduced

Answer 40

1) being hygienic
2) destroying vectors
3) isolating infected people
4) vaccination