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Honors A level revision > organics > Flashcards

organics Flashcards

1
Q

Reactions of alkanes

A

Free radical substitution

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2
Q

Reaction of alkenes

A

Electrophilic addition (double bond is electron rich)
Addition polymerisation

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3
Q

Reactions of haloalkanes

A

Nucleophilic substitution (hydrolysis)
Elimination reactions

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4
Q

Conditions for elimination and substitution rxns (halogenoalkanes)

A

Elimination- high temp, concentrated solution, pure ethanol solvent
Substitution- lower temp, dilute solution, more water solvent

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5
Q

Alkene + halogen

A

Di halogenoalkane

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6
Q

Alkene + hydrogen halide

A

Halogenoalkane

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7
Q

Alkene + steam (presence of acid catalyst)

A

Alcohol

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8
Q

Alkene oxidation by potassium manganate (VII)

A

Diol produced

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9
Q

Alkane + UV light and halogenoalkane

A

Halogenoalkane

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10
Q

Primary alcohol oxi by acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

A

Aldehyde then further oxi to CA

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11
Q

2ndary alc oxi by acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

A

Ketone

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12
Q

tertiary alc oxi by acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

A

No reaction

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13
Q

Distinguishing between different types of alcohols

A

Acidified solution of potassium dichromate
Primary and 2ndary –> colour change orange to green
Tertiary –> No colour change, remains orange

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14
Q

Dehydration of alcohols

A

Produces alkenes
Heating with conc H3PO4 OR H2SO4

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15
Q

Hydrogenation of benzene

A

H2/Ni cat
heat + pressure

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16
Q

Combustion of benzene

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

Bromination of benzene

A

+ Br2
AlCl3 catalyst

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18
Q

Nitration of benzene

A

+HNO3
H2SO4 cat

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19
Q

Friedal crafts acylation of benzene

A

R-COCl
AlCl3 cat

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20
Q

Friedel crafts alkylation of benzene

A

R-CH3
AlCl3 cat

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21
Q

ELectrophilic substitution (benzene rxns) mechanism

A
  1. Formation of electrophile
  2. Electrophilic attack
  3. Formation of the aromatic product
  4. Formation of the inorganic product
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22
Q

Kekule’s structure of benzene

A

Cyclohexene-1,3,5-triene
carbons arranged in hexagon
alternating single and double bonds

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23
Q

Problems with kekules structure

A

Does not react like a benzene
Alkenes- addition
Benzene- Substitution
C-C and C=C bonds are diff length –> irregular shape
Real benzene more stable that kekules structure
enthalpy of bonds

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24
Q

Chain isomers

A

Same formula but different structure

25
Positional isomers
Functional group in a different place
26
Functional group isomers
Different functional group but same molecular formula (aldehydes + ketones) (CA and ester)
27
Stereoisomers
E-Z isomerism E- opposite side Z- same side Needs C=C bond (no rotation) Both C's have diff groups attached
28
Cahn-Ingold priority (for E-Z isomerism)
Highest atomic no. = highest priority
29
Optical isomers
Same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
30
Dextrorotatory
+ right clockwise movement
31
Laevorotatory
- left anti-clockwise movement
32
Polyesters
Dicarboxylic acid + diol ---> ester link (-COO-) Water eliminated
33
Acyl chloride + water
Carboxylic acid + HCl (g)- white misty fumes
34
Alcohol + acyl chloride
Ester + HCl (g)- white misty fumes
35
Acyl chloride + primary amine
N-substituted amide + HCl (g) ( methyl/alkyl gp attached to N instead of C)
36
Ammonia + acyl chloride
Amide + HCl (g)
37
Extending a carbon chain
Reacting halogenoalkane with cyanide ion Forms nitrile with one more C
38
Grignard reagents
Extend carbon chain Formula- RMgX R- alkyl/aryl X- halogen e.g CH3CH2MgBr
39
Amine + strong acid
ionic salt
40
Halogenoalkane + ammonia (heated + sealed tube)
Forms primary amine + ammonium salt (NH4+)
41
Nitrile + LiAlH4 or H2 + Ni cat
Produces amine CH3CN + 4[H] --> CH3CN2NH2
42
Nitrobenzene + tin and HCl then NaOH
Amine Tin and HCl- to intermediate NaOH- Neutralise
43
Solubility of amines
Decreases as chain length increases Lone pair from nitrogen form H bonds with H from water
44
Acyl chloride + conc NH3
Amide + HCl
45
Dicarboxylic acid + diamines
Polyamides e.g nylon
46
dioyl chloride + diamino benzene
Polyamide e.g kevlar
47
amphoteric
acidic and basic properties
48
zwitterion
molecule with both positive and negative ions, only exist at isoelectric point
49
amine properties
solid at room temp lower aliphatic amides are soluble in water contain 2 electronegative atoms polar bonds- can form H bonds
50
Bonds present in C=C and C=O
Sigma and pi bonds
51
Reduction of carboxylic acid
Produces primary alcohol and water (LiAlH4 in dry ether)
52
Neutralisation of carboxylic acid
Produces carboxylate salt
53
Halogenation of carboxylic acid
Produces acyl chloride
54
Esterification of carboxylic acid
Produces ester
55
Carboxylic acid prep by oxidation
Start- aldehyde/ primary alc Ox agent- KCr2O7 2- Method- heat under reflux Fractional dist to obtain pure sample
56
Carboxylic acid prep by hydrolysis
Start- nitrile (CN group) Add- dilute acid or aq alkali Heat under reflux triple bond breaks, C remains part of cmpd N -> NH3/NH4+
57
Hydrolysis of ester in alkaline solution
Produces carboxylate salt COO- Not CA Rxn goes to completion- not reversible
58
Hydrolysis of ester in acidic solution
Cat- H2SO4 Reversible rxn- reaches equilibrium
59
Reactivity of phenol compared to benzene
Phenol more reactive Higher electron density due to -OH present

Honors A level revision (16 decks)

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