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Honors A level revision > organics > Flashcards

organics Flashcards

1
Q

Reactions of alkanes

A

Free radical substitution

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2
Q

Reaction of alkenes

A

Electrophilic addition (double bond is electron rich)
Addition polymerisation

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3
Q

Reactions of haloalkanes

A

Nucleophilic substitution (hydrolysis)
Elimination reactions

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4
Q

Conditions for elimination and substitution rxns (halogenoalkanes)

A

Elimination- high temp, concentrated solution, pure ethanol solvent
Substitution- lower temp, dilute solution, more water solvent

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5
Q

Alkene + halogen

A

Di halogenoalkane

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6
Q

Alkene + hydrogen halide

A

Halogenoalkane

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7
Q

Alkene + steam (presence of acid catalyst)

A

Alcohol

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8
Q

Alkene oxidation by potassium manganate (VII)

A

Diol produced

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9
Q

Alkane + UV light and halogenoalkane

A

Halogenoalkane

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10
Q

Primary alcohol oxi by acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

A

Aldehyde then further oxi to CA

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11
Q

2ndary alc oxi by acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

A

Ketone

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12
Q

tertiary alc oxi by acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

A

No reaction

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13
Q

Distinguishing between different types of alcohols

A

Acidified solution of potassium dichromate
Primary and 2ndary –> colour change orange to green
Tertiary –> No colour change, remains orange

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14
Q

Dehydration of alcohols

A

Produces alkenes
Heating with conc H3PO4 OR H2SO4

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15
Q

Hydrogenation of benzene

A

H2/Ni cat
heat + pressure

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16
Q

Combustion of benzene

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

Bromination of benzene

A

+ Br2
AlCl3 catalyst

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18
Q

Nitration of benzene

A

+HNO3
H2SO4 cat

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19
Q

Friedal crafts acylation of benzene

A

R-COCl
AlCl3 cat

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20
Q

Friedel crafts alkylation of benzene

A

R-CH3
AlCl3 cat

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21
Q

ELectrophilic substitution (benzene rxns) mechanism

A
  1. Formation of electrophile
  2. Electrophilic attack
  3. Formation of the aromatic product
  4. Formation of the inorganic product
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22
Q

Kekule’s structure of benzene

A

Cyclohexene-1,3,5-triene
carbons arranged in hexagon
alternating single and double bonds

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23
Q

Problems with kekules structure

A

Does not react like a benzene
Alkenes- addition
Benzene- Substitution
C-C and C=C bonds are diff length –> irregular shape
Real benzene more stable that kekules structure
enthalpy of bonds

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24
Q

Chain isomers

A

Same formula but different structure

25
Q

Positional isomers

A

Functional group in a different place

26
Q

Functional group isomers

A

Different functional group but same molecular formula
(aldehydes + ketones)
(CA and ester)

27
Q

Stereoisomers

A

E-Z isomerism
E- opposite side
Z- same side
Needs C=C bond (no rotation)
Both C’s have diff groups attached

28
Q

Cahn-Ingold priority (for E-Z isomerism)

A

Highest atomic no. = highest priority

29
Q

Optical isomers

A

Same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

30
Q

Dextrorotatory

A

+ right
clockwise movement

31
Q

Laevorotatory

A
  • left
    anti-clockwise movement
32
Q

Polyesters

A

Dicarboxylic acid + diol —> ester link (-COO-)
Water eliminated

33
Q

Acyl chloride + water

A

Carboxylic acid + HCl (g)- white misty fumes

34
Q

Alcohol + acyl chloride

A

Ester + HCl (g)- white misty fumes

35
Q

Acyl chloride + primary amine

A

N-substituted amide + HCl (g)
( methyl/alkyl gp attached to N instead of C)

36
Q

Ammonia + acyl chloride

A

Amide + HCl (g)

37
Q

Extending a carbon chain

A

Reacting halogenoalkane with cyanide ion
Forms nitrile with one more C

38
Q

Grignard reagents

A

Extend carbon chain
Formula- RMgX
R- alkyl/aryl
X- halogen
e.g CH3CH2MgBr

39
Q

Amine + strong acid

A

ionic salt

40
Q

Halogenoalkane + ammonia (heated + sealed tube)

A

Forms primary amine + ammonium salt (NH4+)

41
Q

Nitrile + LiAlH4 or H2 + Ni cat

A

Produces amine
CH3CN + 4[H] –> CH3CN2NH2

42
Q

Nitrobenzene + tin and HCl then NaOH

A

Amine
Tin and HCl- to intermediate
NaOH- Neutralise

43
Q

Solubility of amines

A

Decreases as chain length increases
Lone pair from nitrogen form H bonds with H from water

44
Q

Acyl chloride + conc NH3

A

Amide + HCl

45
Q

Dicarboxylic acid + diamines

A

Polyamides
e.g nylon

46
Q

dioyl chloride + diamino benzene

A

Polyamide
e.g kevlar

47
Q

amphoteric

A

acidic and basic properties

48
Q

zwitterion

A

molecule with both positive and negative ions, only exist at isoelectric point

49
Q

amine properties

A

solid at room temp
lower aliphatic amides are soluble in water
contain 2 electronegative atoms
polar bonds- can form H bonds

50
Q

Bonds present in C=C and C=O

A

Sigma and pi bonds

51
Q

Reduction of carboxylic acid

A

Produces primary alcohol and water
(LiAlH4 in dry ether)

52
Q

Neutralisation of carboxylic acid

A

Produces carboxylate salt

53
Q

Halogenation of carboxylic acid

A

Produces acyl chloride

54
Q

Esterification of carboxylic acid

A

Produces ester

55
Q

Carboxylic acid prep by oxidation

A

Start- aldehyde/ primary alc
Ox agent- KCr2O7 2-
Method- heat under reflux
Fractional dist to obtain pure sample

56
Q

Carboxylic acid prep by hydrolysis

A

Start- nitrile (CN group)
Add- dilute acid or aq alkali
Heat under reflux
triple bond breaks, C remains part of cmpd
N -> NH3/NH4+

57
Q

Hydrolysis of ester in alkaline solution

A

Produces carboxylate salt COO-
Not CA
Rxn goes to completion- not reversible

58
Q

Hydrolysis of ester in acidic solution

A

Cat- H2SO4
Reversible rxn- reaches equilibrium

59
Q

Reactivity of phenol compared to benzene

A

Phenol more reactive
Higher electron density due to -OH present

Honors A level revision (16 decks)

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