Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chemistry > Organic Synthesis - All reactions > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis - All reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only thing alkanes can react to form?

A

Halogenoalkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the reagents required for when alkanes react to form halogenoalkanes?

A

X2 (e.g. Cl2) and UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the mechanism for when alkanes react to form halogenoalkanes?

A

Radical Susbstitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 products that halogenoalkanes can react to form?

A

Alkenes, primary amine, nitrile and carboxylic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do halogenoalkanes react with to form an alkene?

A

Warm alkali dissolved in ethanol, and it needs to be heated under reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mechanism for when halogenoalkanes react to form alkenes?

A

Elimination reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do halogenoalkanes react with to form a primary amine?

A

Excess ethanolic ammonia and heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the mechanism for when halogenoalkanes react to form amines?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do halogenoalkanes react with to form a nitrile?

A

Reflux with potassium cyanide dissolved in ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mechanism for when halogenoalkanes react to form nitriles?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does a halogenoalkane react to form a carboxylic acid?

A

1-It reacts with Mg in dry ether to form Grignard’s reagent

2-It then reacts with CO2 to form a carboxylic acid in conditions of dry ether and the addition of HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does a primary amine react to form a secondary / tertiary amine?

A

It reacts with a halogenoalkane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism for when primary amines react to form secondary and tertiary amines?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 organic substances a nitrile can react to form?

A

A carboxylic acid and a primary amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe how a nitrile reacts to form a carboxylic acid:

A

You hydrolyse the nitrile, refluxing it with dilute HCl, and then you distill off the carboxylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the first method of forming a primary amine from a nitrile?

A

Reduce it with LiAlH4 and dilute HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the second method of forming a primary amine from a nitrile?

A

React with hydrogen, using a nickel catalyst and a high temperature and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 5 things an alkene can react to form?

A

Alcohol, alkane, halogenoalkane, dihalogenoalkane, diol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does an alkene react to form an alkane?

A

React with Hydrogen, a nickel catalyst and a high temperature of 150C.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mechanism for when an alkene reacts to form an alkane?

A

Electrophilic addition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does an alkene react to form a halogenoalkane?

A

React with a hydrogen halide at room temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the mechanism for when an alkene reacts to form a halogenoalkane?

A

Addition reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does an alkene react to form a dihalogenoalkane?

A

React with X2 at room temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When an alkene reacts to form a dihalogenoalkane, what is the mechanism for the reaction?

A

Electrophillic addition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does an alkene react to form a diol?
Shake alkene with acidified potassium dichromate and the purple solution will be decolourised and the alkene is oxidised
26
How does an alcohol react to form an alcohol?
React with steam at 300C and a pressure of 60-70atm with a solid phosphoric acid catalyst
27
What are the 3 things an aldehyde can react to form?
An alcohol, a carboxylic acid and a hydroxynitrile
28
How does an aldehyde react to form a primary alcohol?
You reduce it, using LiAlH4 as the reducing agent
29
How does a ketone react to form a secondary alcohol?
Reduce it using LiAlH4 as a reducing agent
30
How does an aldehyde react to form a carboxylic acid?
Oxidise the aldehyde using reflux and acidified potassium dichromate
31
How does an aldehyde/ketone react to form a hydroxynitrile?
Reflux with hydrogen cyanide, ethanol and reflux
32
What is the mechanism for when aldehydes/ketones react to form a hydroxynitrile?
Nucleophillic addition
33
What are the three things carboxylic acids can react to form?
Alcohols, esters and acyl chlorides
34
How does a carboxylic acid react to form an alchol?
You use a powerful reducing angent like LiAlH4 in dry ether, which reduces the carboxylic acid to a primary alcohol
35
How does a carboxylic acid react to form an ester?
You react it with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst
36
When a carboxylic acid reacts to form an ester, what is the mechanism?
Esterification
37
How does a carboxylic acid react to form an acyl chloride?
It reacts with PCl5 (phosphorous chloride) at room temperature
38
What are the 2 things an ester can react to form?
A carboxylic acid and an alcohol
39
How does an ester react to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol?
Reflux the ester with a dilute acid(such as HCl of h2so4) and a carboxylic acid and alcohol is formed
40
How does an ester react to form a carboxylate ion?
Reflux with a dilute alkali (e.g.NaOH)
41
What are the 4 things an acyl chloride can react to form?
Carboxylic acid, primary amide, N-substituted amide, ester
42
How does an acyl chloride react to form a carboxylic acid?
React with cold water
43
Whenever an acyl chloride reacts, what by-product is always given off?
HCl, so fumes are given off
44
How does an acyl chloride react to form a primary amide?
React with concentrated ammonia at room temperature
45
How does an acyl chloride react to form an N-subsititued amide?
React with a primary amine at room temperature
46
How does an acyl chloride react to form an ester?
React with an alcohol at room temperature
47
How does an alcohol react to form an alkene?
Mix the alcohol with conc phosphoric acid then heat the mixture
48
When an alcohol reacts to form an alkene, what is the mechanism for the reaction?
Elimintation reaction/ Dehydration
49
How do alcohols react to form chloroalkanes?
React with PCl5 or HCl
50
How do alcohols react to form bromoalkanes?
React with a compound containing bromide ions then use an acid catalyst ( 50% conc H2SO4)
51
How do alcohols react to form an Ester?
Heat with carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as HCl or H2SO4
52
How do alcohols react to form an aldehyde?
Distil with an oxidising agent, such as potassium dichromate
53
How do alcohols react to form a ketone?
Reflux a secondary alcohol with acidified dichromate
54
What are the four different things Benzene can react to form?
Nitrobenzene, alkyl benzene, halogenobenzene, phenylketone
55
How does Benzene react to form a halogenobenzene?
It reacts with halogens(e.g. Br2) at room temp under the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst
56
What is an example of a halogen carrier catalyst?
Fe(III)Br3
57
When Benzene reacts to form Halobenzene, what is the mechanism for the reaction?
Halogenation
58
How does Benzene react to form Phenylketone?
It reacts with acyl chloride, using AlCl3 as a catalyst inder reflux
59
How does a Benzene react to form an Alkyl Benzene?
React with a halogenoalkane, using an AlCl3 catalyst and heat under reflux
60
How does Benzene react to form a NitroBenzene?
Warm Benzene with conc nitric acid and conc sulfuric acid
61
How does a nitrobenzene react to form a phenylamine?
Heat with tin metal and conc HCl under reflux, which makes a salt, and then add NaOH
62
How does Phenol react to form Tribromophenol?
React with bromine water at room temperature
63
How does a halogenoalkane react to form a Grignard Reagent?
React with magnesium in dry ether
64
How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a Carboxylic acid?
React with carbon dioxide in dry ether, then add a dilute acid
65
How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a primary alcohol?
React with methanal in dry ether, then add dilute HCl
66
How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a secondary alcohol?
React with any aldehyde (other than methanal) in dry ether then add dilute HCl
67
How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a tertiary alcohol?
React with any ketone in dry ether then add dilute HCl

Chemistry (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions