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Chemistry > Organic Synthesis - All reactions > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis - All reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only thing alkanes can react to form?

A

Halogenoalkanes

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2
Q

What are the reagents required for when alkanes react to form halogenoalkanes?

A

X2 (e.g. Cl2) and UV light

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3
Q

What is the mechanism for when alkanes react to form halogenoalkanes?

A

Radical Susbstitution

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4
Q

What are the 4 products that halogenoalkanes can react to form?

A

Alkenes, primary amine, nitrile and carboxylic acids

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5
Q

What do halogenoalkanes react with to form an alkene?

A

Warm alkali dissolved in ethanol, and it needs to be heated under reflux

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6
Q

What is the mechanism for when halogenoalkanes react to form alkenes?

A

Elimination reaction

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7
Q

What do halogenoalkanes react with to form a primary amine?

A

Excess ethanolic ammonia and heat

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8
Q

What is the mechanism for when halogenoalkanes react to form amines?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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9
Q

What do halogenoalkanes react with to form a nitrile?

A

Reflux with potassium cyanide dissolved in ethanol

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10
Q

What is the mechanism for when halogenoalkanes react to form nitriles?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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11
Q

How does a halogenoalkane react to form a carboxylic acid?

A

1-It reacts with Mg in dry ether to form Grignard’s reagent

2-It then reacts with CO2 to form a carboxylic acid in conditions of dry ether and the addition of HCl

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12
Q

How does a primary amine react to form a secondary / tertiary amine?

A

It reacts with a halogenoalkane

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13
Q

What is the mechanism for when primary amines react to form secondary and tertiary amines?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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14
Q

What are the 2 organic substances a nitrile can react to form?

A

A carboxylic acid and a primary amine

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15
Q

Describe how a nitrile reacts to form a carboxylic acid:

A

You hydrolyse the nitrile, refluxing it with dilute HCl, and then you distill off the carboxylic acid

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16
Q

What is the first method of forming a primary amine from a nitrile?

A

Reduce it with LiAlH4 and dilute HCl

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17
Q

What is the second method of forming a primary amine from a nitrile?

A

React with hydrogen, using a nickel catalyst and a high temperature and pressure

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18
Q

What are the 5 things an alkene can react to form?

A

Alcohol, alkane, halogenoalkane, dihalogenoalkane, diol

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19
Q

How does an alkene react to form an alkane?

A

React with Hydrogen, a nickel catalyst and a high temperature of 150C.

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20
Q

What is the mechanism for when an alkene reacts to form an alkane?

A

Electrophilic addition

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21
Q

How does an alkene react to form a halogenoalkane?

A

React with a hydrogen halide at room temperature

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22
Q

What is the mechanism for when an alkene reacts to form a halogenoalkane?

A

Addition reaction

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23
Q

How does an alkene react to form a dihalogenoalkane?

A

React with X2 at room temperature

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24
Q

When an alkene reacts to form a dihalogenoalkane, what is the mechanism for the reaction?

A

Electrophillic addition

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25
Q

How does an alkene react to form a diol?

A

Shake alkene with acidified potassium dichromate and the purple solution will be decolourised and the alkene is oxidised

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26
Q

How does an alcohol react to form an alcohol?

A

React with steam at 300C and a pressure of 60-70atm with a solid phosphoric acid catalyst

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27
Q

What are the 3 things an aldehyde can react to form?

A

An alcohol, a carboxylic acid and a hydroxynitrile

28
Q

How does an aldehyde react to form a primary alcohol?

A

You reduce it, using LiAlH4 as the reducing agent

29
Q

How does a ketone react to form a secondary alcohol?

A

Reduce it using LiAlH4 as a reducing agent

30
Q

How does an aldehyde react to form a carboxylic acid?

A

Oxidise the aldehyde using reflux and acidified potassium dichromate

31
Q

How does an aldehyde/ketone react to form a hydroxynitrile?

A

Reflux with hydrogen cyanide, ethanol and reflux

32
Q

What is the mechanism for when aldehydes/ketones react to form a hydroxynitrile?

A

Nucleophillic addition

33
Q

What are the three things carboxylic acids can react to form?

A

Alcohols, esters and acyl chlorides

34
Q

How does a carboxylic acid react to form an alchol?

A

You use a powerful reducing angent like LiAlH4 in dry ether, which reduces the carboxylic acid to a primary alcohol

35
Q

How does a carboxylic acid react to form an ester?

A

You react it with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst

36
Q

When a carboxylic acid reacts to form an ester, what is the mechanism?

A

Esterification

37
Q

How does a carboxylic acid react to form an acyl chloride?

A

It reacts with PCl5 (phosphorous chloride) at room temperature

38
Q

What are the 2 things an ester can react to form?

A

A carboxylic acid and an alcohol

39
Q

How does an ester react to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol?

A

Reflux the ester with a dilute acid(such as HCl of h2so4) and a carboxylic acid and alcohol is formed

40
Q

How does an ester react to form a carboxylate ion?

A

Reflux with a dilute alkali (e.g.NaOH)

41
Q

What are the 4 things an acyl chloride can react to form?

A

Carboxylic acid, primary amide, N-substituted amide, ester

42
Q

How does an acyl chloride react to form a carboxylic acid?

A

React with cold water

43
Q

Whenever an acyl chloride reacts, what by-product is always given off?

A

HCl, so fumes are given off

44
Q

How does an acyl chloride react to form a primary amide?

A

React with concentrated ammonia at room temperature

45
Q

How does an acyl chloride react to form an N-subsititued amide?

A

React with a primary amine at room temperature

46
Q

How does an acyl chloride react to form an ester?

A

React with an alcohol at room temperature

47
Q

How does an alcohol react to form an alkene?

A

Mix the alcohol with conc phosphoric acid then heat the mixture

48
Q

When an alcohol reacts to form an alkene, what is the mechanism for the reaction?

A

Elimintation reaction/ Dehydration

49
Q

How do alcohols react to form chloroalkanes?

A

React with PCl5 or HCl

50
Q

How do alcohols react to form bromoalkanes?

A

React with a compound containing bromide ions then use an acid catalyst ( 50% conc H2SO4)

51
Q

How do alcohols react to form an Ester?

A

Heat with carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as HCl or H2SO4

52
Q

How do alcohols react to form an aldehyde?

A

Distil with an oxidising agent, such as potassium dichromate

53
Q

How do alcohols react to form a ketone?

A

Reflux a secondary alcohol with acidified dichromate

54
Q

What are the four different things Benzene can react to form?

A

Nitrobenzene, alkyl benzene, halogenobenzene, phenylketone

55
Q

How does Benzene react to form a halogenobenzene?

A

It reacts with halogens(e.g. Br2) at room temp under the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst

56
Q

What is an example of a halogen carrier catalyst?

A

Fe(III)Br3

57
Q

When Benzene reacts to form Halobenzene, what is the mechanism for the reaction?

A

Halogenation

58
Q

How does Benzene react to form Phenylketone?

A

It reacts with acyl chloride, using AlCl3 as a catalyst inder reflux

59
Q

How does a Benzene react to form an Alkyl Benzene?

A

React with a halogenoalkane, using an AlCl3 catalyst and heat under reflux

60
Q

How does Benzene react to form a NitroBenzene?

A

Warm Benzene with conc nitric acid and conc sulfuric acid

61
Q

How does a nitrobenzene react to form a phenylamine?

A

Heat with tin metal and conc HCl under reflux, which makes a salt, and then add NaOH

62
Q

How does Phenol react to form Tribromophenol?

A

React with bromine water at room temperature

63
Q

How does a halogenoalkane react to form a Grignard Reagent?

A

React with magnesium in dry ether

64
Q

How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a Carboxylic acid?

A

React with carbon dioxide in dry ether, then add a dilute acid

65
Q

How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a primary alcohol?

A

React with methanal in dry ether, then add dilute HCl

66
Q

How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a secondary alcohol?

A

React with any aldehyde (other than methanal) in dry ether then add dilute HCl

67
Q

How does a Grignard Reagent react to form a tertiary alcohol?

A

React with any ketone in dry ether then add dilute HCl

Chemistry (25 decks)

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