Organic synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

describe reflux

A
  • used when you want to heat volatile liquids
  • allows strong heating
  • without losing volatile reactants and products
  • volatile compounds evaporate and condense and fall back into the flask
  • cold water flows through condenser wall
  • when hot evaporating substance hits the cold condenser they turn back into a liquid
  • return to round bottomed flask to react further
  • heating is done via a water bath/electric heater (mantle) due to using flammable liquids (safer than flame)
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2
Q

describe distillation

A
  • used to separate substances with different BP.
  • gently heating a mixture will separate the compounds in order of BP
  • if compound has a lower BP than starting mixture, heat to temp and collect product in separate vessel
  • if compound has a higher BP than starting mixture, heat to temp and the compound will remain in the round bottomed flask.
  • useful to extract chemicals before it reacts any further.
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3
Q

purify

A
  • ## redistillation is used to purify volatile substances which can be purified further using separation.
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4
Q

OH to ALD

A
  • potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid
  • heat
  • distillation
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5
Q

ALD to CA

A
  • excess potassium dichromate / sulfuric acid

- reflux

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6
Q

OH to ketone

A
  • potassium dichromate / sulfuric acid

- heat under reflux

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7
Q

OH to alkene

A
  • conc sulfuric acid / phosophoric

- heat

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8
Q

Alkene to OH

A
  • steam
  • phosphoric acid catalyst
  • 60 atm
  • 300c
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9
Q

OH to HA

A
  • sodium halide
  • sulfuric acid
  • 20c
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10
Q

HA to OH

A
  • warm NaOH
  • water
  • reflux
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11
Q

Alkane to HA

A
  • halogen

- UV light

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12
Q

Alkene to HA

A
  • hydrogen halide

- 20c

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13
Q

Alkene to diHA

A
  • halogen

- 20c

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14
Q

Alkene to Alkane

A
  • hydrogen
  • nickel catalyst
  • 150c
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15
Q

alkane functional group impacts

A

C-C
unreactive
non-polar
radical substitution

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16
Q

alkene functional group impacts

A

C=C
non polar
electron rich =
electrophilic substitution

17
Q

alcohol functional group impacts

A

C-OH
polar C-O bond
nucleophilic substitution
elimination/dehydration

18
Q

HA functional group impacts

A

C-X
polar C-X bond
nucleophilic substitution