Organic Reactions

Question 1

what will undergo combustion?

Answer 1

all the organic families

Question 2

substitution

Answer 2

an atom or group on the chain is replaced by another

Question 3

which families participate in substitution and what do they substitue with

Answer 3

• alkanes with halogens
• aromatics with halogens
• aromatics with alkyl halide
• aromatics with nitric acid
• alchohols with hydrogen halide
• ethers with 2 binary acids
• preparing amines (ammonia) with alkyl halide

Question 4

what is the catalyst for alkanes with halogens?

Answer 4

UV light

Question 5

what are the products of alkanes and halogens?

Answer 5

haloalkane + hydrogen halide

Question 6

what is the catalyst for aromatics with halogens?

Answer 6

FeBr3 or AlCl3

Question 7

what are the products of aromatics with halogens?

Answer 7

halobenzene + hydrogen halide

Question 8

what is the catalyst of aromatics with alkyl halide?

Answer 8

AlCl3

Question 9

what are the products of aromatics with alkyl halide

Answer 9

alkyl benzene + hydrogen halide

Question 10

where does the halogen go when added to the ring with the aromatic?

Answer 10

usually in the para or ortho position

Question 11

What position does the alkyl go to when adding an alkyl to the ring with the aromatic?

Answer 11

most likely put in the para or ortho position

Question 12

what is the catalyst of aromatics with nitric acid?

Answer 12

sulphuric acid

Question 13

what are the products of the aromatic with the nitric acid?

Answer 13

nitrobenzene + water

Question 14

When adding another nitro to an aromatic ring where is it most likely to be put?

Answer 14

the meta position

Question 15

what is the catalyst of alchohols with hydrogen halides

Answer 15

ZnCl2

Question 16

what are the products of alchohols with hydrogen halides?

Answer 16

alkyl halide + water

Question 17

if a hydrogen halide pairs with a primary alchohol when does the reaction occur?

Answer 17

only after heating

Question 18

if a hydrogen halide pairs with a secondary alchohol when does the reaction occur?

Answer 18

within 5 minutes

Question 19

if a hydrogen halide pairs with a tertiary alchohol when does the reaction occur?

Answer 19

immediately

Question 20

what is the catalyst of ethers with 2 binary acids?

Answer 20

heat

Question 21

what are the products of ethers with 2 binary acids?

Answer 21

2 alkyl halides + water

Question 22

what is the catalyst for preparing amines with alkyl halides?

Answer 22

NONE!

Question 23

what is a condensation reaction?

Answer 23

linking 2 molecules together by removing water

Question 24

Where does the water molecule in a condensation reaction come from?

Answer 24

the H for the water comes from 1 molecule and the OH comes from another

Question 25

What is the catalyst for a condensation reaction between and alchohol and another alchohol?

Answer 25

H2SO4 + 140 degrees celsius

Question 26

what are the products of a condensation reaction of an alchohol with another alchohol?

Answer 26

an ether and water

Question 27

what is the catalyst for alchohols with carboxylic acids?

Answer 27

H2SO4 + heat

Question 28

what are the products o an alchohol with a carboxylic acid in a condensation reaction

Answer 28

ester + water

Question 29

What types of amines can have a condensation reaction with carboxylix acid?

Answer 29

primary and secondary

Question 30

what is the catalyst for amines with carboxylixc acids in a condensation reaction?

Answer 30

H2SO4 + heat

Question 31

what are the products of amines with carboxylic acid in a condensation reaction?

Answer 31

amide + water

Question 32

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 32

splitting apart of a molecule by adding water

Question 33

Describe a reversible ester hydrolysis. (reactants + catalyst + products)

Answer 33

reactants: ester with water catalyst: H2SO4 + heat products: alchohol + carboxylix acid

Question 34

Describe a irreversible ester hydrolysis. (reactants + products)

Answer 34

reactants: ester with water + base products: alchohol + carboxylate ion + metal ion

Question 35

describe the hydrolysis reaction of amides (reactants + catalyst + products)

Answer 35

reactants: amide with water catalyst: H2SO4 + heat products: amine + carboxylic acid

Question 36

what is an addition reaction?

Answer 36

adding groups or atoms to the chain by breaking a pi bond

Question 37

describe hydrogenation AKA alkenes with hydrogen (catalyst + product)

Answer 37

catalyst: platinum product alkane

Question 38

describe halogenation AKA alkenes with halogens (catalyst + product)

Answer 38

catalyst: CCl4 product haloalkane with 2 halogen atoms

Question 39

describe the addition reaction of a hydrogen halide with an alkene (catalyst + product)

Answer 39

catalyst: NA product haloalkane with 1 halogen atom

Question 40

describe the addition reaction of water with an alkene (catalyst + product)

Answer 40

catalyst: H2SO4 + 100 degrees celsius product: alchohol

Question 41

Markonikov's rule

Answer 41

the H gets added to the C in the doble bond that started with the most Hs

Question 42

with reaction followin Markovnikov's rule?

Answer 42

alkenes with hydrogen halides alkenes with water

Question 43

how do addition reaction with alkenes differ from alkynes?

Answer 43

same as alkenes but need 2 moles of each to fully saturate the triple bond

Question 44

describe an addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones with hydrogen aka a reduction (catalyst + product)

Answer 44

catalyst: Platinum and 101 MPa product: alchohol

Question 45

if you react an aldehyde with hydrogen what type of alcohol do you get?

Answer 45

primary alcohol

Question 46

if you react a ketone with a hydrogen what type of alcohol do you get?

Answer 46

secondary alcohol

Question 47

what is an elimination reaction?

Answer 47

the removal of 2 atoms/groups to form a double bond

Question 48

what is the catalyst for an alcohol elimination reaction?

Answer 48

H2SO4 and 100 degrees celsius

Question 49

what are the products of an alcohol elimination reaction?

Answer 49

alkene and water

Question 50

what are the products of an elimination reaction of alkyl halides with hydroxide ions?

Answer 50

alkene + water + halide ion

Question 51

what is oxidation?

Answer 51

a loss of electrons by the carbon atom.

Question 52

oxidizing agents will usually result in a colour change.

Question 53

What are the general oxidizing agents?

Answer 53

- KMnO4 - K2Cr2O7 - Fehling's solution (copper (II) solution) - Tollens Reagent (silver ions in ammonia)

Question 54

What are the oxidizing agents for alkenes?

Answer 54

- KMnO4 OR - K2Cr2O7

Question 55

what is the product of alkenes in an oxidization reaction?

Answer 55

DIOLS - each C in the double bond gets an OH group

Question 56

what are the oxidizing agents for alcohols?

Answer 56

- KMnO4 OR - K2Cr2O7

Question 57

what is the product of a primary alcohol that undergoes oxidization?

Answer 57

an aldehyde

Question 58

what is the product of a secondary alcohol that undergoes oxidization?

Answer 58

ketone

Question 59

what is the product of a tertiary alcohol that undergoes oxidization?

Answer 59

TRICK QUESTION there is no reaction

Question 60

what is the product of am aldehyde that undergoes oxidization?

Answer 60

carboxylic acids

Question 61

How can oxidation reaction be used as a qualitative test to distinguish between an aldehyde and ketone?

Answer 61

ketons cannot be oxidized and oxidization changes colour often.

Question 62

How does KMnO4 change colour?

Answer 62

it stays purple in ketones but becomes brown in aldehydes

Question 63

How does K2Cr2O7 change colour?

Answer 63

stays orange in ketones but becomes green in aldehydes

Question 64

How does Fehling's solution change colour?

Answer 64

- it starts as blue - stays blue. in a ketone - forms an orangish brown precipitate in an aldehyde