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3/4 Chemistry. > Organic Pathways and Organic analysis > Flashcards

Organic Pathways and Organic analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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2
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

Alkyne general formula

A

CnH2n-2

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4
Q

What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon with at least one carbon carbon (double or triple) bond

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5
Q

Haloalkane functional group

A

C-X

(where X is Br,I,Cl,F)

Fluro, Bromo, Iodo, chloro

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6
Q

Amine functional group

A

H-NH2 (single bonds)
-amine

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7
Q

Amide functional group

A

C=ONH2
-amide

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8
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

OH
-ol

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9
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

C=O (on a terminal carbon)

FOR SEMI STRUCTURAL SHOW THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP AS CHO RATHER THAN COH

-anal

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10
Q

Ketone functional group

A

C=O (on a carbon within the carbon chain)

-one

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11
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

C=OOH

-oic acid

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12
Q

Ester functional group

A

C=OO

yl (alcohol stem) oate (carboxylic acid stem)-carbon with double bond to oxygen

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13
Q

Functional group priority

A

carboxylic acid
ester
amide
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol
amine
alkene
alkyne
alkane

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14
Q

prefix for carboxylic acid

A

carboxy-

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15
Q

prefix for aldehyde

A

formyl-

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16
Q

prefix for ketone

A

oxo-

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17
Q

prefix for alcohol

A

hydroxy-

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18
Q

prefix for amine

A

amino-

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19
Q

Alkane + X (Cl2,Br2,F2,I2) –>

A

Alkane + X –> Haloalkane + H-X (Br,Cl,I,F)
reagents: UV light

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20
Q

Haloalkane –> Alcohol

A

Haloalkane + NaOH/KOH –> Alcohol + NaX/KX

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21
Q

Haloalkane –> Amine

A

Haloalkane –> amine + H-X

reagents: (NH3 and ethanol solution)

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22
Q

Primary alcohol oxidation –>

A

Partial oxidation –> aldehyde
Complete oxidation –> carboxylic acid

reagents: MnO4-/H+ or Cr2O72-/H+

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23
Q

Secondary alcohol oxidation –>

A

Secondary alcohol –> Ketone

reagents: Cr2O72-/H+ or MnO4-/H+

24
Q

Esters are produced by — reactions

A

esterification / condensation reaction

25
Q

–> ester

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester + WATER

reagents: conc. H2SO4

26
Q

What undergoes addition reactions

A

alkenes

27
Q

what undergoes substitution reactions

A

alkanes

28
Q

Hydrolysis of ester–>

A

ester + H2O –> alcohol + carboxylic acid

reagent: H+

29
Q

Hydrogenation of alkenes –>

A

alkene + H2 –> alkane

reagents: Ni catalyst and 150 degrees

30
Q

Hydrohalogenation of alkenes –>

A

alkene + H-X (Br,I,F,Cl) –> Haloalkane

reagents : SLC or room temp

31
Q

Halogenation of alkenes –>

A

alkene + X-X (Br2,I2,Cl2,F2) –> di-haloalkane

32
Q

Alkene –> alcohol (hydration of alkenes)

A

alkene + H2O –> alcohol

reagents: phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 degrees

33
Q

types of isomers

A

structural isomers: chain, positional and functional

stereoisomers:cis and trans isomers(geometric), enantiomers(optical isomers)

34
Q

structural isomers

A

same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in different orders

35
Q

stereoisomers

A

isomers with the same order of atoms but have different spatial orientations

36
Q

geometric isomers

A

cis and trans isomers which are formed due to the inability for double bonds to rotate

37
Q

enantiomers(optical isomers)

A

pairs of chiral compounds that are mirror images of each other but are non-superimposable on each other

38
Q

achiral

A

compounds that can be superimposed onto their mirror image

39
Q

chiral

A

compounds that cannot be superimposed onto their mirror image

40
Q

chiral centre

A

atom with 4 different groups bonded onto it

41
Q

superimposable

A

the ability for a molecule to be placed over its mirror image

42
Q

four stages of mass spec

A

ionised accelerated deflected and finally detected

43
Q

NMR

A

radio waves

nuclear spin states- makes the nucleus spin states flip in an applied magnetic field

44
Q

infrared

A

Infrared waves

Vibrations of bonds in molecules- makes the bonds bend and stretch( absorption of IR radiation)

45
Q

IR info vs Mass spec

A

IR=covalent bonds and hence which functional groups are present
Mass spec= distinguish b/w isomers + Mr of parent molecule

46
Q

chromotography

A

analytical technique used to determine the identity of components in a mixture as well as their concentration and seperate them

47
Q

more strongly adsorbed to stationary in column=?

A

take longer to elute from the column

48
Q

factors influencing rt

A

identity of stationary and mobile phase
length of column
temp of column
mobile phase flow rate
surface area of stat phase

49
Q

standard solution

A

a solution with an accurately known concentration

50
Q

unreliable on calibration if?

A

extrapolation( hence dilute by a factor of ___)

51
Q

primary standard

A

-be readily obtainable in a pure form
-known chem formula
-easy to store without deteriorating or reacting with the atmosphere
-have a high molar mass to minimise effect of errors on weighing
-inexpensive
(Na2CO3= lose water to atmosphere NaOH=absorb water + react with CO2 in the air)

52
Q

what burette and pipette rinsed by

A

the final rinse should be with the acid or base to be transfered by them

53
Q

volumetric flask and conical flask rinsed by

A

only rinse with deionised water

54
Q

bases

A

weak=NH3
strong= ____OH

55
Q

acids

A

COOH=weak acid
HCL + phosphoric= strong acid

56
Q

making a standard solution

A

weigh a known mass of a primary standard and place in volumetric 250ml flask

add some deionised water and mix the primary standard substance until it is dissolved

fill the volumetric flask to the top (250ml flask)

3/4 Chemistry. (11 decks)

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