Organic Molecules Flashcards
Inorganic
Water, salts, acids/bases, ions
Monomers
The most basic unit of an organic molecule
Polymers
A more complex form of an organic molecule.
Dehydration Synthesis/ Condensation Reaction
How we put monomers together to make polymers.
-taking water out of the molecule.
Hydrolysis
Breaking apart polymers to make monomers.
- adding water back into the molecule
Carbohydrates (CHO)
Sugars
-functions: energy and structure
Monosaccharides
Simplest form of a carbohydrate
- simple sugars
- mostly form ring structures
- -glucose is the most common- fructose and galactose are more.
Disaccharide
Two or more monosaccharides stuck together
Polysaccharide
Many monosaccharides stuck together
-complex carbohydrate
Organic
Based on carbon/carbon skeleton
- carbon is the smallest atom that can form the most covalent bonds.
What is the Polysaccharide in plants?
Starch
what Polysaccharide is the storage form in animal?
Glycogen
Cellulose
Is a polysaccharide that we cannot break down.
- plants use it for structure
- we call it Fiber
Lipids
Are fats
- Nonpolar and Hydrophobic
- Functions: Energy Storage, insulation, hormones, membrane structure.
Fatty Acids
Long straight chains of carbons
-There are unsaturated and saturated fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
Saturated with hydrogen.
- Hard for chemical reactions to happen
- Hard to break down
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Creates double carbon bonds
-not filled with hydrogen so it can be bonded with and broken down more easily.
Triglycerides
3 fatty acids that are attached to a glycerol backbone
-Storage form of fatty acids
Phospholipids
2 Fatty Acid tails attached to a phosphate head.
- Fatty Acid tail is nonpolar and hydrophobic
- Phosphate head id polar and hydrophobic
- Bases for cell membranes
Proteins
Most complex-most functions
- Functions: structure, enzymes, hormones, transport
- Make up all the structures of any living things body
Amino Acids
Building Blocks of proteins
-all structures are made of the same 20 amino acids just put together differently
R-group
is the functional group on an Amino Acid.
-this is what is differs between Amino Acids.
Peptide Bond
The covalent bond holding Amino Acids together.
Peptide/Polypeptide
Smallest strings of Amino Acids
-Not big enough to structure into proteins yet.
What makes Proteins different?
- What Amino Acid it has
- How it is put together
- The structure
How many levels of structure/organization does protein have?
- Primary Structure
- Secondary Structure
- Tertiary Structure
- Quarternary Structure
Primary Structure of Protiens
Peptide bond formation
- Condensation
- A sequence of Amino Acids
Secondary Structure of Proteins
Hydrogen bonds form on the Amino Acid chains
-Coiling Helix or Sheet like pattern emerges through bonding
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
Interactions between R-groups
-Additional folding of secondary structure
Quarternary Structure of Proteins
Putting multiple polypeptides together to form the protein.
-usually covalent bonding, but also hydrogen bonding occuring
RNA-Ribonucleic Acid
The code for proteins
-tell what amino acids should go together to make you who you are
Nucleotiedes
Monomers
4 of them: Guamine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, and Urucil- is for RNA
-everything is based off them and how they are put together.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy Currency
-every cell is designed to use this as energy
Glycoproteins
Combination of protein and carbohydrate
Glycosominoglycans
Bigger combo. of proteins and carbohydrates
Proteoglycans
Even bigger combo. of proteins and carbohydrates
Lipoproteins
Combo of lipid and protein
-proteins carry lipids around in the blood because they are hydrophobic
