Cells Flashcards
Basic Functions of Cells
- Exchange- with its environment
- Metabolism- chemical reactions
- Sensitive- to there environment
- Reproduction
Autotrophs
- producers- self-feeders
- extract energy from non-living enviroment
Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- rely on other living organisms for energy
- decomposers- fungi
Prokaryotic Cells
Mostly Bacteria
- Unicellular, no nucleus, no organelles
- Cell Wall, Cell capsule, Pilli/fimbriae
Peptidoglycan
The cell wall outside the cell membrane of a prokaryot
Cell Capsule
Slime Layer of a prokaryot
-a layer outside the cell wall
Pilli/fimbriae
Hair like extensions outside the cell.
-help them move in water type enviroments
Eukaryotic Cell
Larger with more complex internal structure
- nucleus, many organelles
- some have a cell wall made of cellulose or chitin
- -all plants have them
Archean Cell
Smaller with a simple internal structure
- no nucleus, no organelles
- often found in extreme environments
- have both prokaryot and eukaryot characteristics
Nucleus
Contains genetic material- DNA
Organelles
- Organs of the cell
- Membrane bound structure
- Perform various functions for the cell
- Compartmentalize the cell
Nuclear Envelope
Double walled membrane surrounding the nucleus
Nucleous
the dark part of the nucleus filled with ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Membranous systems of channels located against the nucleus.
- Rough ER and Smooth ER
- buds off products into vesicles- membrane bound pocket
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ER covered in ribosomes
-where the protein synthesis takes place
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
-part where there are no ribosomes
Ribosomes
Synthesize proteins
-reads RNA to put the protein together
Golgi Complex
- Receives raw proteins from E.R.
- performs final processing
- sorts protein
- packages protein-so they don’t immediately start working and get where they need to go.
What is the order of protein synthesis in a cell?
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Complex
- Where they are needed
Lysosomes
Contain hydroxide enzymes(water based)
- break down normal cellular debris
- membrane bound vesicles
- breaks down products into individual parts
Peroxisomes
Contain Oxide enzymes(oxygen based)
- More powerful than lysosomes
- breaks down toxic substances
- membrane bound vesicles
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
- double membrane
- generate ATP from break down of carbs. and lipids
- the number of them in a cell depends on how much power it needs
Cytosol
Fluid the organelles are floating around in
- Storage
- Chemical reactions happen there
- Protein synthesis- ribosomes not attached to the E.R.
Cytoplasm
Everything outside the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
- Protien fibers
- Cell Shape
- Cell Movement
- Organelle Movement
- Cell Division
What are the kinds of Protein Fibers?
- Microfilament- small
- Intermediate filament- medium
- Microtubules- large
Flagella & Cilia
- extensions of the membrane
- filled with microtubules
- provide movement
- -Some cells need them.
Cilia
Move fluid past the cell
- smaller than flagella
- usually many are on one cell
Flagellum
Move the cell
-usually just one on a cell
Cell Wall of Plant Cells
Made of Cellulose
- Protects, maintains shape, and prevents water loss
- provides rigidity/ support against gravity
Plasmodesmata
Pores that extend through the cell walls.
-so the cell can communicate and interact with other plant cells.
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
- double membrane
- contains Chlorophyll
- uses sunlight to generate ATP
- Uses ATP to create glucose from H20 and CO2
- Have their own DNA
Vacuoles
Storage site
- -Water, glucose, amino acids, poisons, pigments
- Can give shape and support to plant cells
- found in some plant cells and fresh water organisms
