From DNA to Protein

Question 1

What 2 processes take DNA to Protein

Answer 1

1. Transcription (RNA synthesis)

2. Translation (Protein synthesis)

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

DNA—RNA

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Question 3

what are the 3 parts to each gene?

Answer 3

• promoter region
• body
• termination signal

Question 4

promoter region of a gene

Answer 4

where RNA polymerase binds

Question 5

body of a gene

Answer 5

begins with the start codon

Question 6

termination signal of a gene

Answer 6

end codon and signal for RNA polymerase to detach

Question 7

What is the Machinery for transcription

Answer 7

• transcription factors

- RNA Polymerase

Question 8

Transcription factors

Answer 8

recognize promoter region and signals the polymerase to bind

Question 9

RNA Polymerase

Answer 9

pulls DNA strands apart; creates RNA strand from the DNA template strand

Question 10

Initiation of transcription

Answer 10

• transcription factors find and attach to the promoter
• RNA polymerase attaches to DNA
• Polymerase separates DNA and begins synthesis of RNA from DNA template strand
• -reads 3 to 5 prime
• -creates 5 to 3 prime

Question 11

Elongation of transcription

Answer 11

• RNA polymerase travels down DNA template
• Creates RNA strand with bases complementary to DNA strand
• RNA strand separates so DNA strand can reattach and recoil

Question 12

Termination of transcription

Answer 12

• At termination signal polymerase releases DNA and RNA
• RNA strand that is created is mRNA
• -goes from the nucleous to the cytosol

Question 13

what are the 3 types of RNA

Answer 13

• mRNA
• rRNA
• tRNA

Question 14

mRNA

Answer 14

messenger RNA

-RNA code for proteins

Question 15

rRNA

Answer 15

Ribosomal RNA

• RNA-protein complex that reads mRNA and builds proteins
• in the cytosol mostly on the rough endoplasmic reticulem

Question 16

tRNA

Answer 16

transfer RNA

• RNA that carries specific amino acids
• -brings in the necessary amino acids for the rRNA

Question 17

anticodon

Answer 17

tRNA nucleotides base trio that corresponds to the specific amino acid called for by the codon
(complementary base pairs for the mRNA)

Question 18

Translation

Answer 18

RNA—Protein

• mRNA carries the code from the nucleous to the cytoplasm
• ribosomes (rRNA) couple with the mRNA
• tRNA brings in the appropriate amino acid
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination

Question 19

Initiation of translation

Answer 19

• Ribosomes (rRNA) sandwich mRNA

- tRNA attaches to start codon and begins bringing in amino acids

Question 20

Elongation of translation

Answer 20

-tRNA keeps shuttling in amino acids one by one

Question 21

Termination of translation

Answer 21

• stop codon reached

- protein and mRNA released

Question 22

Regulation of Genes

Answer 22

expression is regulated by differentiaiton and demand

• can’t make and have the transcription factors for what the cell doesn’t need
• can be regulated at 4 different steps

Question 23

What are the 4 steps genes can be regulated by?

Answer 23

1. Regulation of transcription
2. Regulation of translation
3. Modification/ activation of proteins
4. Degradation of proteins

Question 24

Regulation of transcription

Answer 24

we can activate and deactivate transcription factors as needed

Question 25

Regulation of translation

Answer 25

we can control how much gets translated

Question 26

Modification / activation of proteins

Answer 26

can control activating proteins and deactivating them

Question 27

Degradation of proteins

Answer 27

can break them down when no longer needed