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Bio 1610 Pittilleri > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Direct Contact Communication

A

2 cells directly communicating

–they have to touch

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2
Q

Types of Direct Contact Communication

A
  • Gap Junctions / Plasmadesmata

- Cell Recognition

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3
Q

Cell Recognition

A

involves proteins in the membrane.

-the proteins recognize each other and often a reaction happens with an enzyme

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4
Q

Functional Syncytium

A

All the cells are functioning as one unit

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5
Q

Local Signaling

A

Paracrine signaling
autocrine signaling
Synaptic Signaling

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6
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

A cell releases a signal affecting all kinds of cells in an area
-the cell secretes a chemical that affects nearby cells through the interstitial fluid

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7
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

a cell releases a signal affecting cells that are the same type

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8
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

nerve cells release neurotransmitters directly onto target cells
-Affects one and only one cell

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9
Q

synapse

A

association between two cells (synaptic cleft)

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10
Q

Long- Distance Signaling

A

Endocrine (hormone)

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11
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormones are the chemical signal

  • the cell releases the hormone into the blood
  • it is systemic
  • only targets cells that have receptors
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12
Q

Systemic

A

the whole body

–it will travel everywhere in the body

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13
Q

the 3 stages of cell signaling

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduciton
  3. Cell Response
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14
Q

Reception

A 
Signal molecules (Ligand) bind to protein receptors on the target cell membrane.
--it is very specific
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15
Q

Ligand

A

is the chemical signal in reception

  • hormones (protein or amino acid bases)
  • neurotransmitters
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16
Q

Receptors

A
  • Proteins
  • specific (shape)
  • shape changes when the Ligand binds–initiates transduction
  • the receptor determines the response more than the ligand
  • -they will set off different transduction pathways in different cells
17
Q

Types of Receptors

A
  • Ion Channel Receptors
  • Tyrosine Kinases
  • G protein-coupled receptor
18
Q

Ion Channel Receptor

A

Protein is the receptor and ion channel

-the binding of the ligand causes the channel to open

19
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

A
  • Come in pairs
  • receptor tyrosine phosphoralates proteins
  • receptor is a kinase which in turn activates proteins
20
Q

G protein-coupled receptor

A
  • receptor activates G protein (uses GDP to activate)

- G protein activates the enzyme

21
Q

Transduction

A

Interactions/chemical reactions relaying the signal from the receptor to the target molecule

  • can be very simple process of a long pathway of reactions
    1. Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation
    2. Second Messengers
22
Q

Phosphorylation / Dephosphorylation

A

addition or removal of a phosphate group to a protein to activate / deactivate it

  • Kinases- Phosphorolayte
  • Phosphates- dephosphorlayte enzymes
23
Q

Second Messengers

A

small, non-protein, water-soluble, molecules, or ions

-often initiated by G protein-coupled receptors

24
Q

Types of Second Messengers

A
  • Cyclic AMP

- Calcium Ions (Ca++)

25
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

they are cycle shaped AMP

- APT—–AMP ATP, gives off 2 phosphates to make AMP

26
Q

Calcium Ions (Ca++)

A

Always maintained at low to negligible concentration in the cytosol
-pulled in form outside the cell or released from within the cell from enclosed membrane storage sights when calcium is needed

27
Q

Response

A

Will vary depending on the Ligand/receptor/cell

  • make more or less of something
  • movement
  • increase/decrease cells function
  • -very specific
28
Q

Termination of signal / response

A

Varies with ligand/responses

  • ligand- re-sequestered by cell, dissipate, brokendown…
  • Response- Components of transduction used up or feedback mechanisms
29
Q

Exception to Ligand-Reception communication

A

Steroid Hormones

  • they are lipid soluble compounds that can pass right through the cell membrane
  • they go directly to the nucleus and affect the DNA
  • -makes new proteins or stops cells from making new proteins
30
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

Programmed cell death

  • normal deletion and removal of cells
  • happens to a single select cell
  • external initiation/trigger- chemical signal???
  • -don’t know much about it
  • Internal trigger
  • -DNA damage
  • -problems with protein production
31
Q

Necrosis

A

Something the body has not intended to happen.

  • Usually happens to many cells in the same area
  • Ruptures the cell membrane
  • Very messie
32
Q

Process of APOPTOSIS

A
  • Cell releases digestive enzymes
  • cell is broken down into smaller membrane bound fragments
  • phagocytosis of fragments by nearby cells
  • clean no inflamation
33
Q

Diseases Affecting APOPTOSIS

A
  • Hepatitis B & C
  • Alzheimer’s / Parkinson’s
  • Cancer - APOPTOSIS seems to be turned off

Bio 1610 Pittilleri (22 decks)

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