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Chemistry > Organic families 2 > Flashcards

Organic families 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms responsible for the charateristic properties of an organic compound

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2
Q

what is the general formula of alochols?

A

CnH2n+2O / R-OH

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3
Q

what do the alcochols end in

A

anol

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4
Q

what is the functional group of alochols

A

hydroxyl group ( -OH)

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5
Q

what is the molecular formula and chemical formula for methanol

A

CH4O
CH2OH (keep functional group together)

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6
Q

in alcohols, the number of the carbon that containins the - OH group is

A

placed in the middle of the alchol name after ‘al’ and before ‘ol’

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7
Q

types of alchols

A

primary alochols
- CARBON with the -OH group attached to one other carbon eg ethanol, methanol

secondary alochols
-CARBON with the -OH group attached to two other carbon aoms eg propan-2-ol

Tertiary alchols
CARBON with the - OH group attached to three other carbon atoms eg2-methylpropan-2-ol

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8
Q

Give three applications of alcholos

A

1.ethanol used in alcoholic drinks/ perfumes/paints

  1. Methanol and ethanol are added to petrol to increase octane number

3.Methanol and ethanol are used in Methylated sprits (industrial alochol) as a solvent and fuel

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9
Q

how is ethanol produced for its use in alcoholic drinks and list examples

A

fermentation
the ethanol is used for wines, ciders

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10
Q

balanced equation of fermentation

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH +2CO2

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11
Q

What step must be taken to produce alcohol of higher concentration for drinks such as gin, vodka, wiskey, brandy?

A

the ethanol produced from yeast fermentation must be distilled

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12
Q

Name the primary metabolite of ethanol in the human liver after consumption of ethanol

A

ethanal (An aldehyde)
ethanal is a toxic substance and a known carciogen- it must be futher metabolised by the body

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13
Q

Why is methanol known as a denaturing agent

A

Present in industrial alcohol ,cheaper than alcoholic drinks
Eg methylated sprits
methanol is toxic and purposely added to industrial alcohol to prevent people drinking it

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14
Q

What is the general formula for the aldehydes

A

CnH2nO

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15
Q

What is the ending for aldehydes

A

Anal

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16
Q

What is the functional group for aldehydes

A

-CHO group
Carbonyl group with a hydrogen

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17
Q

What is a carbonyl group

A

A carbon with a double bond to an oxygen

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18
Q

Draw the structural formula, molecular formula, chemical formula and give the IUPAC name of the 3 member of the aldehydes

A

C3H6O- molecular formula
C2H5CHO
Propanal

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19
Q

How many isomers for the 4 the member of the aldehydes (draw them)

A

2

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20
Q

How do you make isomers for aldehydes

A

Branching
TURN INTO A KETONE

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21
Q

Give two applications of aldehydes

A

Formaldehyde(methanal) used to preserve biological specimens
Benzaldehyde is found in almond kernels used as flavouring agent

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22
Q

What is the general formula for Ketone

A

CnH2nO (same as aldehydes)

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23
Q

What is the ending for ketone

A

Anone

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24
Q

What is the functional group of ketones

A

Carbonyl group(-CO group C double bond O) attached to a hydrocarbon portion of either side

25
Q

What is the structure, molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name for the second member of the Ketone

A

C4H8O -molecular
C2H5COCH3 - chemical
Butanone

26
Q

How do you make isomers for ketone

A

There are no isomers for ketones that are also ketones

TURN INTO AN ALDEHYDE
same general formula

27
Q

Give an application of a ketone

A

Solvents- propanone (acetone) used in nail varnish remover

28
Q

What is the general formula for Carboxylic acids

A

CnH2nO2

29
Q

What is the ending for Carboxylic acids?

A

Anoic acid

30
Q

What is the functional group of Carboxylic acids

A

Carboxylic group
-COOH group
Made up of a carbonyl group(-CO) and hydroxyl group (OH)

31
Q

Draw the first member of Carboxylic acids and give the molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name

A

CH2O2
HCOOH
Methanoic acid

32
Q

How do you make isomers for Carboxylic acids

A

Branching
Turn into esters

33
Q

Give 4 applications of Carboxylic acids

A

Ethanoic acid is the acid in vinegar used as a flavouring agent

Ethanoic acid is used to make cellulose acetate- in varnishes and lacquers

propanoic acid , benzoic acid and its salts are used in food preservation

Methanoic acid found in nettle/ant stings

34
Q

Name the general formula of the Esters

A

CnH2nO2

35
Q

What is the ending of esters

A

Anoate

36
Q

What is the functional group of esters

A

COOC
Carbonyl group ( an hydrocarbon group) attached to oxygen and another hydrocarbon portion

37
Q

Give the side group names

A

Methyl CH3
Ethyl C2H5
Propyl C3H7
Chloro-Cl
Bromo Br
Fluoro-F

38
Q

Draw the first member of the esters and give the molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name

A

C2H4O2
HCOOCH3
MethylMethanoate

39
Q

In esters, the carbon of the carbonyl group…

A

Is always carbon 1 of the main chain

40
Q

Esters always have a…

A

Side group

41
Q

How do you make isomers for Esters

A

Change position of a carbon
Turn into a Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids and esters can have isomers made of eachother

42
Q

Give four uses of esters

A

fats and oils occouring in esters used to make soap
esters found in fruits have a dinstinctily fruity smell- used in fruit flavourings
used in perfumes and cosmetics
ethyl ethanonate is used as a solvent in glue

43
Q

What does the boiling points of organic compounds depend on?

A

The type of intermolecular forces between the molecules
The molecular mass of the molecules

44
Q

Are carbon to carbons Polar covalent or non polar covalent

A

Non polar covalent

45
Q

Are carbons bonded to Hydrogens Polar covalent or non polar covalent

A

Non polar covalent

46
Q

Are carbons bonded to Hydrogens Polar covalent or non polar covalent

A

Non polar covalent

47
Q

Are carbonyl groups Polar covalent or non polar covalent polar covalent

A

Polar convalent

48
Q

Are hydroxyl groups Polar covalent or non polar covalent

A

Polar covalent

49
Q

Why do carboxylic acids have the highest boiling point out of all the organic families

A

They have a polar carbonyl group and a polar hydroxyl group
More hydrogen bonds form between molecules
Strongest intermolecular force

50
Q

Why do alcohol have the second highest boiling point

A

They have a polar hydroxyl group
Hydrogen bonds formed between the molecules
Strongest intermolecular force

51
Q

Why are aldehydes, ketones and esters the second weakest in order of highest boiling point

A

Have a polar carbonyl group dipole dipole forced form between the molecules
Weaker than hydrogen bonding, stronger than van der waals

52
Q

Why do alkanes. Alkenes and alkynes have the lowest boiling point

A

Entirely non polar
Wan der waals forces only form between molecules
Weakest intermolecular force

53
Q

The boiling point of ALL organic family members increases as

A

Molecular mass increases- stronger intermolecular forces form

54
Q

Comment on the solubilities of alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes

A

They are non-polar hydrocarbons
All insoluble in polar substances such as water -no intermolecular forces form soluble non-polar solvents such as cytohexane -intermolecular forces form

55
Q

Comment on the first three members solubility in Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters

A

Contain both a non polar hydrocarbon portion and a polar portion
First three members are very soluble in polar water-hydrogen bonds form

56
Q

Comment on the forth members onwards solubility in Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters

A

As the molecular mass increases- the non-polar portion gets larger and the solubility in water decreases.
Poorly soluble in water but dissolved in non polar substances such as cytohexane

57
Q

For Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters the solubility in water decreases as…

A

Molecular mass increases- non polar portion gets bigger

58
Q

What is the shape of a organic compound with four single bonds

A

Tetrahedral

59
Q

What is the shape of a organic compound with a double or triple bond

A

Planer

Chemistry (21 decks)

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