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Organic families 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms responsible for the charateristic properties of an organic compound

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2
Q

what is the general formula of alochols?

A

CnH2n+2O / R-OH

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3
Q

what do the alcochols end in

A

anol

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4
Q

what is the functional group of alochols

A

hydroxyl group ( -OH)

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5
Q

what is the molecular formula and chemical formula for methanol

A

CH4O
CH3OH (keep functional group together)

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6
Q

in alcohols, the number of the carbon that containins the - OH group is

A

placed in the middle of the alchol name after ‘al’ and before ‘ol’

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7
Q

types of alchols

A

primary alochols
- CARBON with the -OH group attached to one other carbon eg ethanol, methanol

secondary alochols
-CARBON with the -OH group attached to two other carbon aoms eg propan-2-ol

Tertiary alchols
CARBON with the - OH group attached to three other carbon atoms eg2-methylpropan-2-ol

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8
Q

Give three applications of alcholos

A

1.ethanol used in alcoholic drinks/ perfumes/paints

  1. Methanol and ethanol are added to petrol to increase octane number

3.Methanol and ethanol are used in Methylated sprits (industrial alochol) as a solvent and fuel

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9
Q

how is ethanol produced for its use in alcoholic drinks and list examples

A

fermentation
the ethanol is used for wines, ciders

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10
Q

balanced equation of fermentation

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH +2CO2

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11
Q

What step must be taken to produce alcohol of higher concentration for drinks such as gin, vodka, wiskey, brandy?

A

the ethanol produced from yeast fermentation must be distilled

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12
Q

Name the primary metabolite of ethanol in the human liver after consumption of ethanol

A

ethanal (An aldehyde)
ethanal is a toxic substance and a known carciogen- it must be futher metabolised by the body

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13
Q

Why is methanol known as a denaturing agent

A

Present in industrial alcohol ,cheaper than alcoholic drinks
Eg methylated sprits
methanol is toxic and purposely added to industrial alcohol to prevent people drinking it

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14
Q

What is the general formula for the aldehydes

A

CnH2nO

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15
Q

What is the ending for aldehydes

A

Anal

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16
Q

What is the functional group for aldehydes

A

-CHO group
Carbonyl group with a hydrogen

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17
Q

What is a carbonyl group

A

A carbon with a double bond to an oxygen

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18
Q

Draw the structural formula, molecular formula, chemical formula and give the IUPAC name of the 3 member of the aldehydes

A

C3H6O- molecular formula
C2H5CHO
Propanal

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19
Q

How many isomers for the 4 the member of the aldehydes (draw them)

A

2

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20
Q

How do you make isomers for aldehydes

A

Branching
TURN INTO A KETONE

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21
Q

Give two applications of aldehydes

A

Formaldehyde(methanal) used to preserve biological specimens
Benzaldehyde is found in almond kernels used as flavouring agent

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22
Q

What is the general formula for Ketone

A

CnH2nO (same as aldehydes)

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23
Q

What is the ending for ketone

A

Anone

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24
Q

What is the functional group of ketones

A

Carbonyl group(-CO group C double bond O) attached to a hydrocarbon portion of either side

25
What is the structure, molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name for the second member of the Ketone
C4H8O -molecular C2H5COCH3 - chemical Butanone
26
How do you make isomers for ketone
There are no isomers for ketones that are also ketones TURN INTO AN ALDEHYDE same general formula
27
Give an application of a ketone
Solvents- propanone (acetone) used in nail varnish remover
28
What is the general formula for Carboxylic acids
CnH2nO2
29
What is the ending for Carboxylic acids?
Anoic acid
30
What is the functional group of Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic group -COOH group Made up of a carbonyl group(-CO) and hydroxyl group (OH)
31
Draw the first member of Carboxylic acids and give the molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name
CH2O2 HCOOH Methanoic acid
32
How do you make isomers for Carboxylic acids
Branching Turn into esters
33
Give 4 applications of Carboxylic acids
Ethanoic acid is the acid in vinegar used as a flavouring agent Ethanoic acid is used to make cellulose acetate- in varnishes and lacquers propanoic acid , benzoic acid and its salts are used in food preservation Methanoic acid found in nettle/ant stings
34
Name the general formula of the Esters
CnH2nO2
35
What is the ending of esters
Anoate
36
What is the functional group of esters
COOC Carbonyl group ( an hydrocarbon group) attached to oxygen and another hydrocarbon portion
37
Give the side group names
Methyl CH3 Ethyl C2H5 Propyl C3H7 Chloro-Cl Bromo Br Fluoro-F
38
Draw the first member of the esters and give the molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name
C2H4O2 HCOOCH3 MethylMethanoate
39
In esters, the carbon of the carbonyl group…
Is always carbon 1 of the main chain
40
Esters always have a…
Side group
41
How do you make isomers for Esters
Change position of a carbon Turn into a Carboxylic acid ***Carboxylic acids and esters can have isomers made of eachother***
42
Give four uses of esters
fats and oils occouring in esters used to make soap esters found in fruits have a dinstinctily fruity smell- used in fruit flavourings used in perfumes and cosmetics ethyl ethanonate is used as a solvent in glue
43
What does the boiling points of organic compounds depend on?
The type of intermolecular forces between the molecules The molecular mass of the molecules
44
Are carbon to carbons Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Non polar covalent
45
Are carbons bonded to Hydrogens Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Non polar covalent
46
Are carbons bonded to Hydrogens Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Non polar covalent
47
Are carbonyl groups Polar covalent or non polar covalent polar covalent
Polar convalent
48
Are hydroxyl groups Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Polar covalent
49
Why do carboxylic acids have the highest boiling point out of all the organic families
They have a polar carbonyl group and a polar hydroxyl group More hydrogen bonds form between molecules Strongest intermolecular force
50
Why do alcohol have the second highest boiling point
They have a polar hydroxyl group Hydrogen bonds formed between the molecules Strongest intermolecular force
51
Why are aldehydes, ketones and esters the second weakest in order of highest boiling point
Have a polar carbonyl group dipole dipole forced form between the molecules Weaker than hydrogen bonding, stronger than van der waals
52
Why do alkanes. Alkenes and alkynes have the lowest boiling point
Entirely non polar Wan der waals forces only form between molecules Weakest intermolecular force
53
The boiling point of ALL organic family members increases as
Molecular mass increases- stronger intermolecular forces form
54
Comment on the solubilities of alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes
They are non-polar hydrocarbons All insoluble in polar substances such as water -no intermolecular forces form soluble non-polar solvents such as cytohexane -intermolecular forces form
55
Comment on the first three members solubility in Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters
Contain both a non polar hydrocarbon portion and a polar portion First three members are very soluble in polar water-hydrogen bonds form
56
Comment on the forth members onwards solubility in Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters
As the molecular mass increases- the non-polar portion gets larger and the solubility in water decreases. Poorly soluble in water but dissolved in non polar substances such as cytohexane
57
For Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters the solubility in water decreases as…
Molecular mass increases- non polar portion gets bigger
58
What is the shape of a organic compound with four single bonds
Tetrahedral
59
What is the shape of a organic compound with a double or triple bond
Planer

Chemistry (37 decks)

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