Organic families 2 Flashcards
what is a functional group?
An atom or group of atoms responsible for the charateristic properties of an organic compound
what is the general formula of alochols?
CnH2n+2O / R-OH
what do the alcochols end in
anol
what is the functional group of alochols
hydroxyl group ( -OH)
what is the molecular formula and chemical formula for methanol
CH4O
CH3OH (keep functional group together)
in alcohols, the number of the carbon that containins the - OH group is
placed in the middle of the alchol name after ‘al’ and before ‘ol’
types of alchols
primary alochols
- CARBON with the -OH group attached to one other carbon eg ethanol, methanol
secondary alochols
-CARBON with the -OH group attached to two other carbon aoms eg propan-2-ol
Tertiary alchols
CARBON with the - OH group attached to three other carbon atoms eg2-methylpropan-2-ol
Give three applications of alcholos
1.ethanol used in alcoholic drinks/ perfumes/paints
- Methanol and ethanol are added to petrol to increase octane number
3.Methanol and ethanol are used in Methylated sprits (industrial alochol) as a solvent and fuel
how is ethanol produced for its use in alcoholic drinks and list examples
fermentation
the ethanol is used for wines, ciders
balanced equation of fermentation
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH +2CO2
What step must be taken to produce alcohol of higher concentration for drinks such as gin, vodka, wiskey, brandy?
the ethanol produced from yeast fermentation must be distilled
Name the primary metabolite of ethanol in the human liver after consumption of ethanol
ethanal (An aldehyde)
ethanal is a toxic substance and a known carciogen- it must be futher metabolised by the body
Why is methanol known as a denaturing agent
Present in industrial alcohol ,cheaper than alcoholic drinks
Eg methylated sprits
methanol is toxic and purposely added to industrial alcohol to prevent people drinking it
What is the general formula for the aldehydes
CnH2nO
What is the ending for aldehydes
Anal
What is the functional group for aldehydes
-CHO group
Carbonyl group with a hydrogen
What is a carbonyl group
A carbon with a double bond to an oxygen
Draw the structural formula, molecular formula, chemical formula and give the IUPAC name of the 3 member of the aldehydes
C3H6O- molecular formula
C2H5CHO
Propanal
How many isomers for the 4 the member of the aldehydes (draw them)
2
How do you make isomers for aldehydes
Branching
TURN INTO A KETONE
Give two applications of aldehydes
Formaldehyde(methanal) used to preserve biological specimens
Benzaldehyde is found in almond kernels used as flavouring agent
What is the general formula for Ketone
CnH2nO (same as aldehydes)
What is the ending for ketone
Anone
What is the functional group of ketones
Carbonyl group(-CO group C double bond O) attached to a hydrocarbon portion of either side
What is the structure, molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name for the second member of the Ketone
C4H8O -molecular
C2H5COCH3 - chemical
Butanone
How do you make isomers for ketone
There are no isomers for ketones that are also ketones
TURN INTO AN ALDEHYDE
same general formula
Give an application of a ketone
Solvents- propanone (acetone) used in nail varnish remover
What is the general formula for Carboxylic acids
CnH2nO2
What is the ending for Carboxylic acids?
Anoic acid
What is the functional group of Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic group
-COOH group
Made up of a carbonyl group(-CO) and hydroxyl group (OH)
Draw the first member of Carboxylic acids and give the molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name
CH2O2
HCOOH
Methanoic acid
How do you make isomers for Carboxylic acids
Branching
Turn into esters
Give 4 applications of Carboxylic acids
Ethanoic acid is the acid in vinegar used as a flavouring agent
Ethanoic acid is used to make cellulose acetate- in varnishes and lacquers
propanoic acid , benzoic acid and its salts are used in food preservation
Methanoic acid found in nettle/ant stings
Name the general formula of the Esters
CnH2nO2
What is the ending of esters
Anoate
What is the functional group of esters
COOC
Carbonyl group ( an hydrocarbon group) attached to oxygen and another hydrocarbon portion
Give the side group names
Methyl CH3
Ethyl C2H5
Propyl C3H7
Chloro-Cl
Bromo Br
Fluoro-F
Draw the first member of the esters and give the molecular formula, chemical formula and IUPAC name
C2H4O2
HCOOCH3
MethylMethanoate
In esters, the carbon of the carbonyl group…
Is always carbon 1 of the main chain
Esters always have a…
Side group
How do you make isomers for Esters
Change position of a carbon
Turn into a Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids and esters can have isomers made of eachother
Give four uses of esters
fats and oils occouring in esters used to make soap
esters found in fruits have a dinstinctily fruity smell- used in fruit flavourings
used in perfumes and cosmetics
ethyl ethanonate is used as a solvent in glue
What does the boiling points of organic compounds depend on?
The type of intermolecular forces between the molecules
The molecular mass of the molecules
Are carbon to carbons Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Non polar covalent
Are carbons bonded to Hydrogens Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Non polar covalent
Are carbons bonded to Hydrogens Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Non polar covalent
Are carbonyl groups Polar covalent or non polar covalent polar covalent
Polar convalent
Are hydroxyl groups Polar covalent or non polar covalent
Polar covalent
Why do carboxylic acids have the highest boiling point out of all the organic families
They have a polar carbonyl group and a polar hydroxyl group
More hydrogen bonds form between molecules
Strongest intermolecular force
Why do alcohol have the second highest boiling point
They have a polar hydroxyl group
Hydrogen bonds formed between the molecules
Strongest intermolecular force
Why are aldehydes, ketones and esters the second weakest in order of highest boiling point
Have a polar carbonyl group dipole dipole forced form between the molecules
Weaker than hydrogen bonding, stronger than van der waals
Why do alkanes. Alkenes and alkynes have the lowest boiling point
Entirely non polar
Wan der waals forces only form between molecules
Weakest intermolecular force
The boiling point of ALL organic family members increases as
Molecular mass increases- stronger intermolecular forces form
Comment on the solubilities of alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes
They are non-polar hydrocarbons
All insoluble in polar substances such as water -no intermolecular forces form soluble non-polar solvents such as cytohexane -intermolecular forces form
Comment on the first three members solubility in Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters
Contain both a non polar hydrocarbon portion and a polar portion
First three members are very soluble in polar water-hydrogen bonds form
Comment on the forth members onwards solubility in Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters
As the molecular mass increases- the non-polar portion gets larger and the solubility in water decreases.
Poorly soluble in water but dissolved in non polar substances such as cytohexane
For Carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes , ketones and esters the solubility in water decreases as…
Molecular mass increases- non polar portion gets bigger
What is the shape of a organic compound with four single bonds
Tetrahedral
What is the shape of a organic compound with a double or triple bond
Planer
