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Chemistry > Organic Families 1 > Flashcards

Organic Families 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homologous series

A

A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same general formula, same chemical properties with successive members differing by CH2

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2
Q

Name the eight homogous series studies in LC

A

alkanes , alkenes, alkynes,
alcohols, aldehydes ,ketones, carboxylic acids, esters

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3
Q

What is Hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen ONLY

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4
Q

IUPAC root for 1 Carbon

A

Meth

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5
Q

IUPAC root for 2 Carbon

A

Eth

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6
Q

IUPAC root for 3 Carbon

A

Prop

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7
Q

IUPAC root for 4 Carbon

A

But

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8
Q

IUPAC root for 5 Carbon

A

Pent

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9
Q

IUPAC root for 6 Carbon

A

Hex

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10
Q

IUPAC root for 7 Carbon

A

Hept

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11
Q

IUPAC root for 8 Carbon

A

Oct

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12
Q

What is the general formula for Alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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13
Q

What is the ending for Alkanes

A

Ane

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14
Q

What is a saturated compound

A

Has only single bonds between the carbon atoms in the compound ( no double or triple bonds)

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15
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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16
Q

How many structural isomers are there for the forth members of the alkane family?

A

2

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17
Q

How many structural isomers are there for the fifth members of the alkane family?

A

3

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18
Q

How many strain how only sigma bonding takes place between carbon atoms in alkane molecules

A

Alkanes are saturated compounds ( contain only single bonds) between the carbon atoms
Single bonds are always formed by a sigma bond

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19
Q

Give two applications of the alkanes

A

1 alkanes are excellent fuels ( for cooking and heating)
2 Alkanes can be used as lubricating oil in machinery

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20
Q

What are Chloroalkanes

A

Coumpounds in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule have been replaced by chlorine atoms

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21
Q

Give two applications of the chloroalkanes

A

Solvents - used in dry cleaning
Paint stripper

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22
Q

What’s the general formulas for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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23
Q

What do alkenes end with

A

Ene

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24
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated compounds

A

Unsaturated - compounds containing one double bond between some of the carbon atoms in the molecules

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25
Q

What is an unsaturated compound?

A

Unsaturated compounds has double or triple bonds between some of the carbon atoms in the molecule

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26
Q

What is the molecular formula and the IUPAC name for the 1st member of the alkenes

A

C2H4
Ethene

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27
Q

You have to number the carbon chain in such a way that the ….

A

Double bond is coming from the lowest carbon possible and name the main chain based on its number of carbons

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28
Q

How many isomers of the third member of the alkene series

A

3

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29
Q

Explain how sigma and pi bonding take place between carbon atoms in alkene molecules

A

Alkenes are unsaturated compounds, contain a double bond between two of the carbon atoms.
Double bonds are formed by a sigma bond and a pi bond

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30
Q

name the physical properties of ethyne

A

ethene is a colourless gas with a sweet smell
it is insoluble in water but dissolved in non-polar substances eg cytohexane

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31
Q

Account for the greater reactivity of alkenes compared to alkanes

A

Alkenes are unsaturated.
This double bond has a high electron density and includes a pi bond which is weaker and easily broken

32
Q

You have to number the carbon chain in such a way that the ….

A

Double bond is coming from the lowest carbon possible and name the main chain based on its number of carbons

33
Q

Give two industrial applications of alkenes

A

1 ethene is used to speed up the ripening of fruit
2 polyethene is used inplastic production

34
Q

Give the word equation for the experiment of preparing ethene

A

Ethanol —-(aluminium oxide—-> ethene + water

35
Q

Give the chemical equation for preparing ethene

A

C2H5OH —(Al2O3) —> C2H4 + H2O

36
Q

Describe the procedure to prepare ethene

A

Glass wool soaked in ethanol
Aluminium oxide gently heated allowing the ethanol to vaporise and pass over the Aluminium Oxide (dehydrating agent).
Ethanol is dehydrated to ethene + water
Ethene is carried by delivery tube and collected over a basin of water using a beehive shelf.

37
Q

Describe the physical properties of ethene

A

ethene is a colourless gas with a sweet smell
its insoluble in water but dissolves in non-polar solvents eg- Cyclohexane
(like dissolves like)

38
Q

What is combustion?

A

burning in oxygen

39
Q

describe the procedure for the combustion of ethene

A

place a lighted splint into a test tube of ethene gas. add lime water to the test tube, stopper and shake

40
Q

what is the postive result of the combustion of ethene

A

ethene burns with a bright yellow flame
limewater turns milkey white proving CO2 was formed in the combustion

41
Q

write a balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethene

A

C2H4 + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 2H2O

42
Q

write a balanced chemical equation to explain why CO2 turns limewater white

A

CO2 + Ca (OH)2 -> CaCO3 downwards arrow

carbon dioxide + limewater(calcium hydroxide) -> calcium carbonate

43
Q

Describe the test to see if ethene is unsaturated using bromine water

A

add red bromine water to a test tube of ethene gas, stopper and shake

result:redbromine water turns colourless - ethene is unsaturated
(is anything was unsaturated it would remain red)

44
Q

what type of reaction occours when bromine is added to ethene gas

A

addition reaction- the adding of a bromine molecules across a doublr bond, breaking the double bond

45
Q

write a balanced equation for the test for unsaturation using bromine water

A

ethene + bromine -> 1,2 dibromoethane
C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2

46
Q

explain how to test for unsaturation using acdified potassium manganate VII
and give the postive result

A

add purple KMnO4 / acidified potassium managante VII, stopper and shake.
purple acdified potassiu manganate (VII) turns colourless
ethene is unsaturated

47
Q

what type of reaction is the preparation of ethene known as

A

elimation / dehydration reaction

48
Q

what is the function of the aluminium oxide in the testing of the properties of ethene

A

aluminium oxide acts as a dehydrating agent
is a catalyst for the reaction

49
Q

what is the apperance of aluminium

A

white powder

50
Q

why is the aluminium oxide heated gently/ why is the ethnol not heated directly

A

to avoid the ethnol vapourising too quickly and passing over the aluminium oxide too quickly - little ethanol would be converted into ethene

51
Q

what is the function of the glass wool in this expeirment

A

to soak up the ethanol and keeps it at one end of the test tube- stops ethanol from being directly heated

52
Q

state and explain three saftey precautions in this expeirment for ethene

A
  1. ensure the test tuble stopper on the testube is airtight

ethene and ethanol are flammable- essential to keep the, away from the busen burner flame to prevent a fite

2.Wear gloves and use thongs
glass wool is irritant to skin- avoid touching

3.raise the apparatus from the water before turning the busen burner off
avoid suck back of water up delivery tuble-cold water being sucked back in the hot test tuble could cause it to shatter

53
Q

why are the first few test tubles of gas collects discarded

A

the first few test tubles consist mostly of displaced air and ethene gas

54
Q

What is the ending for alkynes

A

yne

55
Q

are alkynes saturated or unsaturated compounds

A

alkynes are unsaturated compounds containing one triple bond between two of the carbons

56
Q

give an application of ethyne

A

ethyne gas used in welding and cutting metals

57
Q

describe the procedure to prepare ethyne

A

calcium carbide is placed in a reaction flask using a spatula, the dropping funnel is set above filled with water. The water is slowly added from the droppinf funel. Fizzing will occour in the reaction flask as ethyne is produced. The ethyne gas produced is passed through acidified copper sulfate to remove impurities
the pure ethyne gas is collected over water

58
Q

write a balanced equation to prepare ethyne

A

CaC2 +2H2O -> Ca(oh)2 + C2H2
calcium carbide + water -> calcium hydroxide + C2H2

59
Q

Describe the physical properties of ethyne

A

ethyne is a colourless gas with a sweet smell
its insoluble in water but dissolved in non-polar substanced eg cytohexane

60
Q

decribe the combustion of ethyne and name its postive result for its test

A

ethyne burns with a very bright, very smoky yellow flame, with a lot of soot formed as a result of unburned carbon

limewater turns milky white proving carbon dioxide was formed in the combustion

61
Q

compare the flame observed when observing ethyne and ethene

A

the flame observed when burning ethyne is brighter and smokier than when burning ethene

62
Q

how does the flame used in oxyacetylene welding, where ethyne is burned in air in a combustion test

A

ethyne will burn in pure oxygen with a hotter, cleaner flame with less smoke/soot

63
Q

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethyne

A

C2H2 +2 1/2 O2 -> 2CO2 +H2O

64
Q

What do ALL organic compounds produce when combusted completely

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

65
Q

Describe the test for unsaturation in ethyne using bromine water and its result

A

Procedure- add red bromine water to a test tube of ethyne gas stopper and shake, result, red bromine water turns colourless - ethyne is unsaturated

66
Q

Testing for unsaturation using acidified potassium manganate VII on ethyne and its result

A

Add to a tube of ethyne, stopper and shake purple potassium manganate VII turns colourless- ethyne is unsaturated

67
Q

Outline 2 safety precautions in production of ethyne

A

Ethyne is explosive with air- keep any naked flame away from the apparatus
Use spatula to place calcium dicarbide into flask- its and irritant to skin

68
Q

Give three observations in the reaction flask as the reaction proceeds

A

Fizzing is observed
A white substance formed
The reaction flask gets hot

69
Q

Describe the appearance of calcium carbide

A

Calcium carbide is a grey- black solid

70
Q

Explain why fizzing occurs in the reaction flask

A

Ethyne gas is produced

71
Q

Explain the white substance that formed in the flask as the reaction proceeds

A

The white substance formed as a result of the production of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

72
Q

Explain why the flask gets warm as the reaction proceeds

A

The reaction between calcium carbide and water is exothermic ( gives out heat)

73
Q

Why must the products of the reaction be passed through acidified copper sulfate

A

The ethyne formed is not pure, passing it through acidified copper sulfate removes impurities

74
Q

Name three impurities that could be present in the ethyne gas produced that are removed by the acidified copper sulfate

A

Hydrogen sulfide
Phosphine
Ammonia

75
Q

Why are the first few test tubes of gas collected and discarded

A

they contain mostly of displaced air and not ethyne gas

Chemistry (27 decks)

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