organic chemistry Flashcards
reactions of alkenes, hydrogenation, alcohols carboxylic acids and esters, polymerisation
what is a saturated hydrocarbon?
a hydrocarbon with a double bond (alkenes)
what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
a hydrocarbon without a double bond (alkanes)
what are organic molecules?
organic molecules all contain carbon atoms. alkanes and alkenes are examples of organic compounds
what is a functional group?
gives a family of organic compounds their characteristic reactions
what is a homologous series?
a family of compounds that all contain the same functional group
what are the first 3 alkenes in the homologous series?
ethene, propene, butene Eat (methene cannot exist because alkenes need a C=C bond)
what is the formula for complete combustion?
CH + 2O - > CO + 2H O
⁴ ² ² ²
methane + oxygen - > carbon dioxide + water
what is the formula for incomplete combustion
2CH + 3O - > 2CO + 4H O
⁴ ² ²
methane + oxygen - > carbon monoxide + water
why can methene not exist?
alkenes need a C=C double bond
which form of combustion do alkenes undergo?
incomplete combustion
what happens during an addition reaction of an alkene
the C=C double bond breaks and the molecule opens up
what is hydrogenation?
??
what functional group are carboxylic acids?
-COOH
what are the first 4 members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?
methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid
what is the formula for forming an alcohol
alkene + steam - > alcohol
eg. ethene + steam - > ethanol
what functional group are alcohols?
-OH
what are the first 4 members of the homologous series of alcohols?
methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
which functional group are esters?
-coo-
which other reaction forms an alcohol?
fermentation
what is the formula for fermentation?
glucose - > ethanol + carbon dioxide
(in the presence of yeast at 30°
what are the advantages of fermentation?
- the reaction occurs at a low temperature, so does not require much energy
- the glucose comes from plants, this means it is renewable, making ethanol a biofuel
what are the disadvantages of fermentation?
-the alcohol produced is dissolved in water (aqueous solution) and must be purified by distillation
what are the 2 products of alcohol combustion?
carbon dioxide and water
complete the equation: sodium + ethanol - >
sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
acid + metal - >
salt + hydrogen
acid + base - >
salt + water
acid + carbonate - >
salt + carbon dioxide + water
what is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol?
an ester and water. this is called esterification
what kind of reaction is esterification?
a reversable reaction
what is formed when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?
ethyl ethanoate and water
what is a polymer?
a long chain made from smaller, repeating units
what are monomers?
the small, repeating units that make up a polymer
if the polymer is polythene, what are the monomers?
ethenes
if the polymer is polypropene, what are the monomers?
propenes
what is addition polymerisation?
addition polymerisation forms one product, the addition polymer, which is made up of the same repeating alkene
