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GCSE Chemistry > Chemistry January 2020 PPE > Flashcards

Chemistry January 2020 PPE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chromatography used for?

A

It is used to separate two soluble substances

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2
Q

What is a chromatogram?

A

The end result of a chromatography experiment

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3
Q

What is distillation?

A

The process of separating mixtures of liquids

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4
Q

How does distillation work?

A

The mixture is heated and because all boiling points are different, the liquid with the lowest boiling point will boil first, leaving the other/s behind.

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5
Q

Why can untreated water be dangerous?

A 
Pesticides
Pollutants
Animal waste
Dirt
Lack of minerals
Diseases
Debris
Chemicals
Bacteria
Microorganisms
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6
Q

What does filtration do?

A

Filters out big bits of debris. It also removes pesticides and other impurities. It uses activated carbon and sand

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7
Q

What does disinfection do?

A

Removes microorganisms using ozone gas and chlorine.

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8
Q

What does coagulation do?

A

Removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. Aluminium sulfate and lime are added to form floc which sticks the particles together and then sinks them to the bottom to be removed during filtration

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9
Q

Do atoms have a positive or negative charge?

A

Atoms have no overall charge

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10
Q

How many electrons are in the first shell?

A

2 electrons

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11
Q

What makes an element stable?

A

A full outer shell of electrons

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12
Q

Describe the structure of a metal

A

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They

are strong and have a regular arrangement of atoms

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13
Q

What is the relationship between group 1 and group 7?

A

Group 1 needs to give away one electron to become stable and group 7 need to gain one electron to become stable, this makes it ideal to create ions with both groups

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14
Q

Give an example of a group 1 element

A 
Hydrogen
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
etc...
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15
Q

Do metals need to gain or lose electrons to become stable?

A

Metals need to lose electrons

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16
Q

Do non-metals need to gain or lose electrons to become stable?

A

Non-metals need to gain electrons

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17
Q

If an element gains and electron, is the ion positively or negatively charged?

A

It becomes a negatively charged ion

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18
Q

If an element loses an electron, is the ion positively or negatively charged?

A

It becomes a positively charged ion

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19
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

When atoms share electrons to create a full outer shell for both atoms

20
Q

Explain why ions are attracted to each other and for ionic compounds

A

When metals react with non-metals, the metal atoms lose electrons and become positively charged while non-metals become negatively charged. These oppositely charged ions are attracted together. They form electrostatic bonds which hold the compound together.

21
Q

When a metal is joined to a metal is is called ___?

A

Metallic bonding

22
Q

When a non-metal is joined to a non-metal it is called ___?

A

Covalent bonding

23
Q

When a metal is joined to a non-metal it is called___?

A

Ionic bonding

24
Q

Are ionic compounds conductive?

A

Only when in liquid state

25
Q

How many electrons are in the third shell?

A

8 electrons

26
Q

Why do ionic compounds have a high melting/boiling point?

A

They have strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions which makes it more difficult to break them apart

27
Q

What is a negatively charged ion called?

A

An anion

28
Q

What is a positively charged ion called?

A

A cation

29
Q

What kind of of structure is an ionic compound?

A

An ionic lattice

30
Q

How is an ionic lattice arranged?

A

In a regular arrangement

31
Q

How are ions held together?

A

By strong electrostatic attractions

32
Q

How could you separate salt from rock salt?

A

Place the rock salt in water, the salt will dissolve leaving the rock behind. Then filter out the rocks. After then evaporate the water which will leave the salt left

33
Q

What is solubility?

A

How well a substance dissolves in liquid

34
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

Substances that dissolve in liquid

35
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The Liquid used to dissolve a substance

36
Q

Name all three states of matter

A

Solid, liquid and gas

37
Q

What makes a substance pure?

A

Pure means it only contains one element or compound

38
Q

How do you determine whether a substance is pure?

A

You can boil a substance to see if it is pure

39
Q

Why is air not a pure substance?

A

Air has oxygen, carbon dioxide and many more different elements and compounds in it

40
Q

What four factors affect the rate of a reaction?

A

Temperature
Concentration (of particles)
Surface area
Catalysts

41
Q

What two things does collision theory depend on?

A
  1. The collision frequency of reacting particles

2. Particles must collide with enough energy to be successful

42
Q

Give two reasons why increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction

A

It increases the frequency of particles and also increases the energy of the collsions

43
Q

What is the definition of a catalyst?

A

A substance that can increase the rate of a reaction without being used up or changed

44
Q

How do catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

They provide an alternate reaction pathway with a lower activation energy

45
Q

How do you calculate the mean rate of reaction?

A

Quantity of product formed / time

GCSE Chemistry (9 decks)

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