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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are organic molecules?

A 
molecules that have a carbon based backbone 
    H
     |
H-C-H
     |
    H
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2
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

If the organic molecule only contains carbon and hydrogen it is known as a hydrocarbon.

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3
Q

how can you represent a molecule?

A
  1. Name
  2. displayed formula
  3. structural formula
  4. molecular formula
  5. emperical formula
  6. general formula
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4
Q

what is a family of organic molecules called?

A

homologus series

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5
Q

how do we give prefixes to molecules?

A

by their number of carbons.

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6
Q

how do we assign a homologus series to an organic molecule?

A

by looking at its functional group

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7
Q

what is the functional group of alkanes?

A

saturated

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8
Q

what is the functional group of alkenes?

A

double bonds

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9
Q

what is the functional group of alcohol?

A

hydroxyl group (O-H)

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10
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

carboxylic group
O
//
-C-O-H

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11
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

Cn H2n+2

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12
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

Cn H2n

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13
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

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14
Q

what is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

Cn H2n+1 COOH

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15
Q

what is crude oil?

A

A naturally produced substance that is made of different length hydrocarbons. It is formed from the remains of plants and animals which died millions of years ago.

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16
Q

what are positional isomers?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

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17
Q

what are functional group isomers?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.

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18
Q

how can you name a positional isomer?

A

we can distinguish them busing a locant (location numer) for the thing that moves. e.g. 1-fluoro propane

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19
Q

what are chain branch isomers?

A

The chain refers to the backbone part of the molecule. The branch is any carbons that come from the main chain.

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20
Q

how are branches named?

A

Branches are names with the usual prefix. They all end in -yl.

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21
Q

how do chain branch isomers effect boiling point?

A

when we create chain branch isomers it changes the melting and boiling points of the molecule without changing the molecular formula.

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22
Q

in crude oil how are the different length hydrocarbons separated?

A

By boiling point

FRACTIONAL DISTILATION

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23
Q

when crude oil is separated - what are the ‘things it can be’? (1 being longest hydrocarbons 7 being shortest hydrocarbons.)

A
  1. refinery gases
  2. gasoline and naptha
  3. kerosine
  4. diesel oil
  5. lubricating oil
  6. fuel oil
  7. bitumen
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24
Q

what are the properties of short hydrocarbons?

A
  • low boiling point
  • flammable
  • colourless
  • non viscous
  • volatile (evaporates easily)
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25
Q

what are the properties of long hydrocarbons?

A
  • high boiling point
  • non flammable
  • dark/black
  • viscous
  • not volatile
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26
Q

what is bitumen used for?

A

road surfacing

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27
Q

apart from bitumen what are the other fractions of crude oil used for?

A

fuels

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28
Q

what is complete combustion?

A

Complete combustion happens when there is a good supply of air. The carbon and hydrogen is oxidised

29
Q

what does complete combustion always form?

A

carbon dioxide and water

30
Q

what is incomplete combustion?

A

Incomplete combustion will occur when there is not enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely to produce carbon dioxide and water. Orange flame black wispy bits

31
Q

what is the product of incomplete combustion?

A

either

  1. carbon monoxide
  2. carbon
32
Q

what do we get if carbon fully oxidises?

A

carbon dioxide

33
Q

what do we get if carbon partially oxidises?

A

carbon monoxide

34
Q

what do we get if carbon does not oxidise?

A

carbon (soot)

35
Q

what colour would the flame created during complete combustion be?

A

blue

36
Q

what colour would the flame created during incomplete combustion be?

A

orangey yellow and sooty

37
Q

what does carbon monoxide do to humans?

A

It gets carried by haemoglobin in the blood instead of oxygen. This leads to dizziness, drowsiness and in extreme cases can be fatal.

38
Q

name some problems of fossil fuels?

A
  • burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide
  • most fossil fuels contain sulphur as an impurity. when this burns it oxidises to sulphur dioxide, this rises into the atmosphere and created acid rain.
39
Q

what is cracking?

A

We sometimes have too many medium length chains and not enough short chains. We can solve this by cracking the medium length chains by using a catalytic cracking unit.

40
Q

how do we test for alkenes and alkanes?

A

alkenes can be tested by adding bromine water, the double bond breaks and the two bromine atoms join the carbons. This is an addition reaction. if an alkene is present the solution will go from orange to colourless. if an alkane is present the solution will stay orange.

41
Q

what happens to alkanes is bromine water and UV light is present?

A

they go colourless. this is a substitution reaction.

42
Q

what is the word equation for the addition reaction?

A

ethene + bromine —-> 1,2dibromoethene

43
Q

what is a polymer?

A

the correct name for a plastic.

44
Q

what is addition polymerisation?

A

these polymers are made by adding lots of alkene monomers together, each of them is made by breaking the double bonds and joining lots of monomers together.

ethene - polyethene
styrene - polystyrene

45
Q

name some problems with addition polymers?

A
  • very inert
  • don’t biodegrade
  • release greenhouse gasses and toxic gases when they combust
46
Q

what is condensation polymerisation?

A

This occurs when you join two different monomers and a water molecule appears. The two monomers need to have reactive ends. e.g. alcohols (-O-H) & carboxylic acids (-COOH)

47
Q

what us it called where the two monomers link?

A

an ester link

48
Q

what do the monomers have at each end of the molecule?

A

a functional group

49
Q

what are biodegradable polyesters called?

A

biopolyesters

50
Q

what is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COO-

51
Q

what is the suffix of the ester homologus series?

A

-anoate

52
Q

how do we know if a compound is unsaturated?

A

it has a double bond.

53
Q

what is a dehydration reaction?

A

when water its taken away

54
Q

how do you name an ester?

A
  1. highlight the section with the ‘L’ at the end. That is the main section.
  2. The other part is the branch section - ends in -yl
  3. We name these using the branch then the main section, which has the ester series ending of -anoate.
55
Q

how can alcohols be made?

A
  1. fermentation

2. direct hydration

56
Q

when is direct hydration used?

A

industrial use as a solvent.

57
Q

how can ethanol be made by fermentation?

A

Ethanol can be made by fermenting ethanol and yeast.

58
Q

what does the yeast act as in fermentation?

A

An enzyme, it breaks down the glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

59
Q

what is the symbol equation for fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 —-> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

60
Q

what are the conditions needed for fermentation?

A
  • needs to be warm - 30 degrees - too cold takes too long - too hot enzymes denature.
  • anaerobic conditions
61
Q

how do you increase the percentage of alcohol?

A

remove the water by distillation.

62
Q

how can ethanol be made by direct hydration?

A

React ethene with steam.

63
Q

what are the conditions required for direct hydration?

A
  • 300 degrees
  • 60 - 70 atmospheres
  • phosphoric acid.
64
Q

what does the phosphoric acid act as in direct hydration?

A

a catalyst.

65
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

something that speeds up a reaction.

66
Q

what do alcohols form when they combust?

A

carbon dioxide and water

67
Q

what does oxygen cause ethanol to do?

A

The oxygen in the air will cause ethanol to oxidise into ethnic acid - microbial oxidation.

68
Q

what do carboxylic acids release when they react with metal carbonates?

A

carbon dioxide.

Chemistry (21 decks)

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