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A Level Chemistry > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

give 3 reasons why carbon can form so many compounds

A
  • can form 4 bonds
  • single / double / triple bonds
  • can bond with other carbons
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2
Q

what is the definition for homologous series?

A

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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3
Q

what is an aromatic compound?

A

compound containing a benzene ring

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4
Q

what is an aliphatic compound ?

A

compound containing straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings (carbon and hydrogen)

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5
Q

what is alicyclic compound?

A

aliphatic compound with non aromatic rings

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6
Q

saturated is ..

A

no C=C

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7
Q

what is the functional group ?

A

group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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8
Q

order of organic prefixes

A

meth, eth, pro, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec

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9
Q

general formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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10
Q

cyclo prefix means…

A

compound is alicyclic / aromatic

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11
Q

general formula for cycloalkanes

A

Cn H2n

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12
Q

general formula for alkynes

A

Cn H2n-2

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13
Q

name the iodine prefix

A

iodo

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14
Q

define structural isomer

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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15
Q

define saturated

A

only contains single bonds

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16
Q

what is the bond angle for tetrahedral ?

A

109.5

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17
Q

explain the shape of alkanes (VSEPR)

A
  • electrons repel each other

- arrange as far as possible to minimize repulsion and hold definite shape

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18
Q

what is the bond angle for linear ?

A

180

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19
Q

what is the bond angle for triagonal planar ?

A

120

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20
Q

what is the bond angle for non - linear ?

A

104.5

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21
Q

what is the bond angle for pyrimidal ?

A

107

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22
Q

what is the bond angle for octahedron ?

A

90

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23
Q

define electronegativity

A

ability to attract pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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24
Q

what must the molecule be for it to be polar (even with polar bonds)

A

not totally symmetrical in all directions

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25
Q

what four shapes are symmetrical in all ways (if all bonds are the same)

A
  • linear
  • triagonal planar
  • tetrahedral
  • octahedral
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26
Q

define radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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27
Q

what are the 3 stages in radical substitution

A
  • initiation
  • propagation
  • termination
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28
Q

what type of bond breaking is in radical substitution ?

A

homolytic fission

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29
Q

state the conditions needed for radical substitution

A

UV light

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30
Q

why is UV light required for radical substitution?

A

to provide the activation energy needed to break halogen bond

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31
Q

In terms of radicals, what is the key feature of the initiation step ?

A

generates radicals

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32
Q

In terms of radicals, what is the key feature of the propagation step ?

A

for every radical used — a radical is used

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33
Q

In terms of radicals, what is the key feature of the termination step ?

A

2 radicals combine to form non radicals

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34
Q

what are the limitations of radical substitution ?

A
  • substitution with different carbons
  • multi - substitution
  • may produce large molecules
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35
Q

define stereoisomer

A

compounds with the same structural formula but with different arrangement in space

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36
Q

how is sigma bond formed ?

A

end - on overlap of orbitals

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37
Q

how is pi bond formed ?

A

side - on overlap of orbitals

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38
Q

where are the bonding electrons in sigma bond ?

A

between nuclei

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39
Q

where are the bonding electrons in pi bond ?

A

above and below the line joining the nuclei

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40
Q

E …

A

opposite - priority

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41
Q

z …

A

same side - priority

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42
Q

cis …

A

same side - same

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43
Q

trans …

A

opposite - same

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44
Q

what does electrophilic addition show ?

A

addition of an alkene and halide (from hydrogen halide)

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45
Q

Define heterolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation and an anion

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46
Q

what type of fission is in electrophilic addition ?

A

heterolytic fission

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47
Q

what is the name for the charged carbon in electrophilic addition ?

A

carbocation

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48
Q

Define electrophile

A

An atom/group that is attracted to an electron-rich center or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons

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49
Q

what is the electrophile in electrophilic addition ?

Why ?

A

Hydrogen (halide)

accepts pair of electrons

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50
Q

How is there still a difference in electronegativity in (e.g.) Br2 ? (electrophilic addition)

A

Due to an induced dipole in Br - Br , caused by C = C repelling electrons in Br2 away from it

51
Q

What is Markovnikov’s Rule ?

A
  • the more carbons attached to the carbocation, the more stable it is
  • more stability means more likelihood of being formed
52
Q

what is a primary / secondary carbocation

A

primary - carbocation attached to one carbon

secondary - carbocation attached to two carbons

53
Q

what is major product ?

A

more likely to be formed product (most stable)

54
Q

what is minor product ?

A

less likely to be formed product

55
Q

% yield =

A

actual yield / theoretical yield x 100

56
Q

why are organic reactions rarely 100 % yield ?

A
  • most are reversible
  • side reactions
  • slow reactions
57
Q

atom economy =

A

Mr of useful products / Mr of all products x 100

58
Q

name two ways to improve atom economy

A
  • change the reaction

- find a use for the other products

59
Q

what are the two types of polymerization ?

A

condensation and addition

60
Q

how do you name a polymer ?

A

poly ( alkene )

61
Q

explain how E/Z isomerism can arise

A
  • restricted rotation around double bond

- each of atoms in double bond has 2 different groups attached

62
Q

Give conditions for addition reaction of alkene and hydrogen gas

A

150 ‘C

Nickel catalyst

63
Q

Give conditions for addition reaction of alkene and halogen

A

RTP

64
Q

Give conditions for addition reaction of alkene and hydrogen halide

A

RTP

65
Q

define electronegativity

A

measure of attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond

66
Q

why do haloalkanes have high boiling points?

A

polar bonds are present ( C - Halogen )

67
Q

define hydrolysis

A

chemical reaction involving water / aqueous solution of a hydroxide that causes breaking of a bond

68
Q

define nucleophile

A

molecule that donates a pair of electrons to form a new bond

69
Q

what structural feature is need to act as a nucleophile

A

contain OH- ions

70
Q

what type of fission is involved in nucleophilic substitution

A

heterolytic fission

71
Q

what is nucleophilic substitution ?

A

hydrolysis of haloalkane to produce an alcohol - heated under reflux

72
Q

state the order of the rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes

A

(fastest) iodo - bromo - chloro (slowest)

73
Q

what is ethanol used for in nucleophillic substitution

A

co - solvent (allows it to mix to speed reactions)

74
Q

what is the aldehyde suffix ?

A

al

75
Q

what is the ketone suffix ?

A

one

76
Q

what happens the the boiling point of an alkane as it gets more branched ? why ?

A

lowers boiling point, as they can’t pack closely together and have smaller molecular surface areas, so reduced London forces

77
Q

what is produced in complete combustion ?

A

water and carbon dioxide

78
Q

what is produced in incomplete combustion ?

A

water and carbon / carbon monoxide

79
Q

what is a photochemical reaction ?

A

reaction started by light

80
Q

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes ?

A
  • contains pi bond, which requires less energy to break than sigma bond
  • not polar
81
Q

how does stereo isomerism occur ?

A
  • double bond can’t rotate

- two different atoms / groups attached to each carbon

82
Q

how do you test for carbon = carbon bonds ?

A
  • add bromine water
  • shake
    changes from orange to colourless if C=C present
83
Q

how is an alcohol made ?

A

hydrate alkene by steam at 300’C, pressure 60-70 atm, with solid phosphoric (V) acid catalyst

84
Q

is the yield good with making an alcohol ?

A

reaction is reversible and yield is low - however unreacted alkene gas can be recycled so yield overall is high

85
Q

name the advantages of polymers

A
  • unreactive

- strong and durable

86
Q

name the disadvantages of polymers

A
  • disposing (not biodegradable)

- damage to environment

87
Q

when are waste plastics buried ?

A
  • difficult to separate
  • not in sufficient quantities to make separating worthwhile
  • too difficult to recycle
88
Q

how can waste plastics be reused ?

A
  • melt / remold

- crack into monomers, which can be used as an organic feedstock to make more plastics

89
Q

why are waste plastics burned ?

A

to generate electricity

90
Q

why / how must burning plastics be controlled ?

A

toxic gases produced, which pass through scrubbers which can neutralise these gases with a base

91
Q

what is homologous series of alcohols ?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

92
Q

are alcohols polar ?

A

most are, due to hydrogen bonds between C - OH bond

93
Q

describe the solubility of small alcohols

A

soluble, due to hydrogen bonds forming between OH and H20

94
Q

describe the solubility of large alcohols

A

reduced solubility, as most of the molecule is a non-polar carbon chain

95
Q

what are the conditions needed for reaction between alcohol and halide ?

A

acid catalyst (sulfuric)

96
Q

how can you make an alkene from an alcohol ?

A

dehydrate (eliminate water)

97
Q

what are conditions needed for elimination reaction of alcohol ?

A 
acid catalyst (conc sulfuric) 
heat
98
Q

what to remember with elimination of alcohols ?

A

two possible products ( + watch out for E/Z)

99
Q

what flame does ethanol produce ?

A

pale blue

100
Q

what is formed when you burn ethanol in oxygen ?

A

CO2 and water produced

101
Q

what oxidising agent is needed to oxidise an alcohol ?

A

acidified dichromate (VI)

102
Q

primary alcohols oxidise to …

A

aldehyde then carboxylic acid

103
Q

secondary alcohols oxidise to …

A

ketones only

104
Q

tertiary alcohols oxidise to …

A

they can’t oxidise

105
Q

in aldehyde, how many alkyl groups attached to carbonyl carbon atom ?

A

one

106
Q

in ketone, how many alkyl groups attached to carbonyl carbon atom ?

A

two

107
Q

in oxidation of alcohol, for aldehyde …

A

distil

108
Q

in oxidation of alcohol, for ketone …

A

reflux

109
Q

what is the only way to oxidise a tertiary alcohol ?

A

burn them

110
Q

what does CFC stand for ?

A

Chlorofluorocarbon

111
Q

what is a CFC ?

A

molecule containing only chlorine, fluorine and carbon

112
Q

state the chemical properties of CFCs

A

stable / volatile / non-flammable / non - toxic

113
Q

what is ozone ?

A

O3

114
Q

what does the ozone layer do ?

A

absorbs a lot of UV radiation (good)

115
Q

what are the three main greenhouse gases ?

A

water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane

116
Q

what causes the greenhouse effect ?

A

bonds of gases in atmosphere absorb infrared radiation, and re-emit it in all directions (including down at earth)

117
Q

overall greenhouse effect =

A

concentration x “greenhouse potential”

118
Q

how does IR spectroscopy work ?

A
  • IR radiation absorbed by covalent bond (causing them to vibrate more)
  • bonds absorb diff. frequencies
119
Q

name some uses for IR spectroscopy

A
  • breathalysers

- measuring air pollution

120
Q

what causes the M+1 peak ?

A

Carbon - 13

121
Q

what is mass spectroscopy used for ?

A

differentiating similar molecules

122
Q

outline the process of removing water soluble impurities from an organic sample

A
  1. pour into separating funnel w/ water added
  2. open stopper until all aqueous layer (bottom) gone
  3. remove traces of water w/ drying agent (MgSO4)
  4. filter off drying agent
123
Q

heterolytic fission forms …

A

cation and anion

124
Q

homolytic fission forms …

A

2 radicals

A Level Chemistry (21 decks)

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