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Chemistry A Level > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous

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2
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

A simplified organic formula with H atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a C skeleton and associated functional groups

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reaction

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4
Q

What is the molecular formula ?

A

The actual no of atoms of each element in a molecule

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5
Q

What does the display formula show?

A

The relative positioning of atoms in a molecule with the bonds between them

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6
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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7
Q

What is structural isomers?

A

Molecules w/same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

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8
Q

What’s homolytic fission?

A

Each bonding atom receives one electron from the covalently bonded pair, forming 2 radicals

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9
Q

What’s heterolytic fission?

A

When 1 bonding atoms receives both electrons from the covalently bonded pair

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10
Q

What’s a radical?

A

A species w/ an unpaired electron

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11
Q

What’s addition reaction?

A

2 reactants join together -> 1 product

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12
Q

What’s substitution reaction?

A

An atom/group of atoms is replaced by a different atom/group of atoms

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13
Q

What’s elimination reaction?

A

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one

1 reactant -> 2 products

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14
Q

Effect of chain length

A

Longer = larger SA ∴ more surface contact -> more London forces = more energy required to break these forces -> higher bp

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15
Q

Effects of branching

A

More branching -> less SA ∴ fewer surface contact points -> fewer London forces = less energy is required to overcome these forces -> lower bp

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16
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

When a fuel burns completely in O to produce CO2 + H2O

17
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen to produce CO/C + H2O

18
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group, but with each successive member differing by CH2

19
Q

What is aliphatic?

A

Containing C atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

20
Q

What is alkyl groups?

A

Shown as R (you should know)

21
Q

What is alicyclic?

A

C atoms joined together in a cyclic structure

22
Q

What is aromatic?

A

Some/all C atoms are found in a benezene ring

23
Q

What is anime functional group?

A

-NH2

24
Q

What is nitrile functional group?

A

-CN

25
Q

Describe Alkane shape

A

Each C atom has 4 bonding pairs of electrons, with 4 sigma bonds
Sigma bonds -> rotation

26
Q

Why are alkanes not v.reactive?

A

C-C + C-H are non-polar and sigma bonds are strong

27
Q

What is the formation of c=c

A

P orbitals overlap adjacently above and below the plane of the C atoms to form π bonds -> no rotation

28
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds w/same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms in space

29
Q

What can qualify for E/Z isomers?

A

C=C AND each C in double bond must be attached to 2 different groups

30
Q

What is Cis/trans?

A

Type of E/Z - each C atoms in double bind must have 1 H atom and 1 non-H group
E = trans
Z = cis

31
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A

A reagent that oxidises another species

32
Q

Alkanes + halogens

A

UV = provides initial energy

33
Q

Describe the nature of the double bond in alkenes

A

1 electron on each C is in a p-orbital, forming a π-bonds overlapping above + below the plane of C atoms
• Pi bond = locks C atoms in position (I.e. no rotation)

34
Q

Organohalogen compound

A

Molecules that contain at least one halogen atom joined to a carbon chain

35
Q

Explain with the aid of equations have the presence of CFCs In the upper atmosphere leads to ozone depletion

A

CF2Cl2 -> CFCl + Cl•
Cl• catalyses decomposition of ozone
Cl• + O3 -> ClO + O2
ClO + O -> Cl + O2

36
Q

Why are scientists concerned about ozone depletion

A

∵ more UV reaches Earth’s surface -> greater risk in skin cancer

37
Q

What is a primary alcohol

A

-OH group is attached to a C that’s attached to 2 H atoms and 1 alkyl group

38
Q

What is a secondary alcohol

A

-OH group is attached to a C that’s attached to 1H and 2 alkyl groups

39
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol

A

-OH group is attached to a C that’s attached to no H atoms and 3 alkyl groups

Chemistry A Level (25 decks)

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