Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is general formula?

Answer 1

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous

Question 2

What is skeletal formula?

Answer 2

A simplified organic formula with H atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a C skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 3

What is a functional group?

Answer 3

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reaction

Question 4

What is the molecular formula ?

Answer 4

The actual no of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 5

What does the display formula show?

Answer 5

The relative positioning of atoms in a molecule with the bonds between them

Question 6

What is the structural formula?

Answer 6

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 7

What is structural isomers?

Answer 7

Molecules w/same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

Question 8

What’s homolytic fission?

Answer 8

Each bonding atom receives one electron from the covalently bonded pair, forming 2 radicals

Question 9

What’s heterolytic fission?

Answer 9

When 1 bonding atoms receives both electrons from the covalently bonded pair

Question 10

What’s a radical?

Answer 10

A species w/ an unpaired electron

Question 11

What’s addition reaction?

Answer 11

2 reactants join together -> 1 product

Question 12

What’s substitution reaction?

Answer 12

An atom/group of atoms is replaced by a different atom/group of atoms

Question 13

What’s elimination reaction?

Answer 13

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one

1 reactant -> 2 products

Question 14

Effect of chain length

Answer 14

Longer = larger SA ∴ more surface contact -> more London forces = more energy required to break these forces -> higher bp

Question 15

Effects of branching

Answer 15

More branching -> less SA ∴ fewer surface contact points -> fewer London forces = less energy is required to overcome these forces -> lower bp

Question 16

What is complete combustion?

Answer 16

When a fuel burns completely in O to produce CO2 + H2O

Question 17

Incomplete combustion

Answer 17

When a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen to produce CO/C + H2O

Question 18

What is a homologous series?

Answer 18

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group, but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 19

What is aliphatic?

Answer 19

Containing C atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

Question 20

What is alkyl groups?

Answer 20

Shown as R (you should know)

Question 21

What is alicyclic?

Answer 21

C atoms joined together in a cyclic structure

Question 22

What is aromatic?

Answer 22

Some/all C atoms are found in a benezene ring

Question 23

What is anime functional group?

Answer 23

-NH2

Question 24

What is nitrile functional group?

Answer 24

-CN

Question 25

Describe Alkane shape

Answer 25

Each C atom has 4 bonding pairs of electrons, with 4 sigma bonds Sigma bonds -> rotation

Question 26

Why are alkanes not v.reactive?

Answer 26

C-C + C-H are non-polar and sigma bonds are strong

Question 27

What is the formation of c=c

Answer 27

P orbitals overlap adjacently above and below the plane of the C atoms to form π bonds -> no rotation

Question 28

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 28

Compounds w/same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 29

What can qualify for E/Z isomers?

Answer 29

C=C AND each C in double bond must be attached to 2 different groups

Question 30

What is Cis/trans?

Answer 30

Type of E/Z - each C atoms in double bind must have 1 H atom and 1 non-H group E = trans Z = cis

Question 31

What is an oxidising agent?

Answer 31

A reagent that oxidises another species

Question 32

Alkanes + halogens

Answer 32

UV = provides initial energy

Question 33

Describe the nature of the double bond in alkenes

Answer 33

1 electron on each C is in a p-orbital, forming a π-bonds overlapping above + below the plane of C atoms • Pi bond = locks C atoms in position (I.e. no rotation)

Question 34

Organohalogen compound

Answer 34

Molecules that contain at least one halogen atom joined to a carbon chain

Question 35

Explain with the aid of equations have the presence of CFCs In the upper atmosphere leads to ozone depletion

Answer 35

CF2Cl2 -> CFCl + Cl• Cl• catalyses decomposition of ozone Cl• + O3 -> ClO + O2 ClO + O -> Cl + O2

Question 36

Why are scientists concerned about ozone depletion

Answer 36

∵ more UV reaches Earth’s surface -> greater risk in skin cancer

Question 37

What is a primary alcohol

Answer 37

-OH group is attached to a C that’s attached to 2 H atoms and 1 alkyl group

Question 38

What is a secondary alcohol

Answer 38

-OH group is attached to a C that’s attached to 1H and 2 alkyl groups

Question 39

What is a tertiary alcohol

Answer 39

-OH group is attached to a C that’s attached to no H atoms and 3 alkyl groups