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DAY 1 TOPICS > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

combination of two or more atomic orbitals to form the same number of hybrid orbitals, each having the same shape and energy

A

hybridization

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2
Q

effect of increasing bond strength to bond length and %s

A

decrease, increase

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3
Q

alkane is unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon

A

saturated hydrocarbon

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4
Q

the name that we use regularly/commonly

A

common name

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5
Q

one that follows the IUPAC system for naming a compound

A

IUPAC name

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6
Q

the 3D structure of a molecule

A

stereochemistry

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7
Q

a carbon with 4 different atoms or groups attached to it

A

chiral center (stereogenic)

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8
Q

chiral compounds have

A

-at least one chiral center
-has no plane of symmetry

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9
Q

optical isomers

A

enantiomers

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10
Q

pair of stereoisomers that are chiral

A

enantiomers

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11
Q

have the same physical properties except that they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions

A

enantiomers

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12
Q

isomers wherein the compound differs in connectivity

A

constitutional isomers

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13
Q

3D spatial arrangement (absolute configuration)

A

R,S

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14
Q

rotation of plane-polarized light (physical property)

A

D,L or (+,-)

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15
Q

in __, the prefixes R (latin rectus for right) and S (latin sinister for left) are attached to the IUPAC name

A

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog

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16
Q

__ are optically active

A

chiral compounds

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17
Q

if rotation is to the right, the compound is

A

dextro: d or +

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18
Q

if rotation is to the left, the compound is

A

levo: I or -

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19
Q

a mixture having equal amounts of two enantiomers

A

racemic mixture

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20
Q

instrument used to determine the optical rotation; a device used to measure the rotation of plane polarized light caused by optically active compounds in a solution

A

polarimeter

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21
Q

the overlap of the larger lobes of the sp3 orbitals with the 1s orbitals of hydrogen; head-on overlapping of atomic orbitals

A

sigma bond

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22
Q

formed when unhybridized p orbitals of carbon overlap

A

pi bond

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23
Q

combination of the sigma bond and a pi bond extending between the same pair of atoms

A

double bond

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24
Q

result of the overlap of one sigma bond and two pi bonds

A

triple bond

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25
Q

an atom or group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristic chemical behavior of organic compounds

A

functional group

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26
Q

compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

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27
Q

contain the carbonyl group (C=O) where C is surrounded by three groups, making it sp2 hybridized and trigonal planar

A

carbonyl compounds

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28
Q

compounds that contain the carboxy group, -COOH; very polar compounds and exhibit H-bonding

A

carboxylic acids

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29
Q

object or molecule is not superimposable on its mirror image

A

chiral

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30
Q

main source of alkanes (hydrocarbons)

A

crude oil

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31
Q

four general types of organic reactions

A

addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement

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32
Q

detailed description of how bonds are broken and formed as reactant(s) is(are) converted to product(s)

A

reaction mechanism

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33
Q

the larger the molecular weight, the __ the boiling point

A

higher

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34
Q

for the same molecular weight, the larger the surface area, the __ the boiling point

A

higher

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35
Q

more branching, __ boiling point

A

lower

36
Q

a __ is a concerted reaction where a starting material is converted directly to a product

A

one-step reaction

37
Q

increase in energy when tetrahedral bond angles deviate from the optimum angle of 109.5 deg

A

angle strain

38
Q

an ion or molecule that is electron deficient and would accept a pair of electrons from a nucleophile to form a new covalent bond

A

electrophile (electron loving)

39
Q

halogenation reaction of alkanes

A

initiation > propagation > termination

40
Q

most important sources of alkanes

A

natural gas and petroleum

41
Q

complex mixture of compounds, mostly alkanes and other hydrocarbons with 1-40 carbon atoms

A

petroleum

42
Q

contains mostly methane (about 70-90%), with some ethane, propane, butane, and sometimes small amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide or helium

A

natural gas

43
Q

distillation of crude petroleum separates it into various fractions

A

refining

44
Q

__ of alkanes produces carbon dioxide and water if the amount of oxygen is sufficient (complete combustion).

A

combustion

45
Q

produced when the supply of oxygen is insufficient

A

carbon as soot and carbon monoxide. together with water

46
Q

results in increase in the number of C-Z bonds (usually C-O bonds) or a decrease in the number of C-H bonds

A

oxidation

47
Q

results in a decrease in the number of C-Z bonds (usually C-O bonds) or an increase in the number of C-H bonds

A

reduction

48
Q

__ of alkanes occur in the presence of heat or light, converting alkanes to alkyl halides

A

halogenation

49
Q

rotation around __ is restricted

A

C=C

50
Q

true or false: trans alkenes are more stable than cis alkenes

A

true

51
Q

the overlap between a sigma bond and a p-orbital

A

hyperconjugation

52
Q

alkenes typically undergo

A

electrophilic addition

53
Q

there is only one of two possible orientations of addition that occurs

A

regiospecific reactions

54
Q

predicts that H will add to the carbon with fewer alkyl substituents and X will add to the carbon with more alkyl substituents

A

Markovnikov’s rule

55
Q

carbocation stability follows the order:

A

3 degree > 2 degree > 1 degree

56
Q

a simple chemical test for the presence of pi bonds in unknown compounds

A

bromination

57
Q

__ of an alkene breaks both the pi and sigma bonds of the C=C to form two C=O

A

oxidative cleavage

58
Q

detailed description of how bonds are broken and formed as reactant(s) is(are) converted to product(s)

A

reaction mechanism

59
Q

symmetrical bond breaking (homolysis) generates __, which are uncharged species with unpaired electrons

A

radicals

60
Q

electron rich

A

nucleophile

61
Q

used to detect position of double bond

A

ozonolysis

62
Q

contains a six-membered ring and three additional degrees of unsaturation

A

benzene

63
Q

ortho- and para- directing

A

activating groups

64
Q

meta- directing

A

deactivating groups

65
Q

reaction of benzene where a hydrogen atom is replaced by an electrophile

A

electrophilic aromatic substitution

66
Q

capable of dipole-dipole interactions and intermolecular hydrogen bonding

A

polar protic solvents

67
Q

exhibit dipole-dipole but have no O-H or N-H so they are incapable of hydrogen bonding

A

polar aprotic solvents

68
Q

always product of elimination

A

alkenes

69
Q

have higher boiling points than ethers and alkanes

A

alcohols

70
Q

elimination of water from alcohols

A

dehydration

71
Q

substitution with HCl/ZnCl2, determines if primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols

A

lucas test

72
Q

oxidation with acidic Cr6+

A

Jones test

73
Q

product of strong oxidizing agent plus primary alcohol

A

carboxylic acid

74
Q

product of oxidation of secondary alcohol

A

ketone

75
Q

product of oxidation of tertiary alcohol

A

no product

76
Q

how many carbons of alcohol are still soluble with water?

A

5 carbons below

77
Q

product of dehydration of alcohols with strong acid

A

alkene

78
Q

product of alcohol oxidation with PCC or PDC

A

aldehyde

79
Q

alcohol can undergo these reactions:

A

substitution (alkyl halide), oxidation (aldehyde, carboxylic acid, or ketone), elimination (alkene), deprotonation (alkoxide)

80
Q

acid in wine

A

tartaric acid

81
Q

carboxylic acid undergoes what reaction

A

nucleophilic acyl substitution

82
Q

loss of CO2 from carboxyl group when heated to a very high temperature

A

decarboxylation

83
Q

prone to decarboxylation

A

ketoacids

84
Q

combining carboxylic acid with alcohol in the presence of acid catalyst (H2SO4)

A

Fischer Esterification

85
Q

basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in the roots, bark, leaves, berries, or fruits of plants

A

alkaloids

DAY 1 TOPICS (6 decks)

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