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DAY 1 TOPICS > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

intermediate in fructose metabolism

A

glyceraldehyde

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2
Q

found in blood and cartilage tissue

A

erythrose

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3
Q

present in cells particularly in the mitochondria; sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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4
Q

main source of fuel in cells

A

glucose

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5
Q

can enter glycolysis and produce intermediates for cellular respiration

A

fructose

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6
Q

simple sugars

A

monosaccharide

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7
Q

naturally occurring sugars

A

D-sugars

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8
Q

the OH and C=O can undergo intramolecular cyclization to form __

A

hemiacetals

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9
Q

aldohexoses typically form a six-membered ring or a __

A

pyranose ring

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10
Q

monosaccharides that cannot be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

A

simple carbohydrates

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11
Q

made of two or more simple sugars (oligo- and polysaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds

A

complex carbohydrates

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12
Q

composed of 2 to 10 monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

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13
Q

bond that joins the monosaccharides in oligo- and polysaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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14
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose (table sugar)

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15
Q

galactose + glucose

A

lactose (milk sugar)

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16
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose (malt sugar)

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17
Q

contain three or more monosaccharides linked together

A

polysaccharides

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18
Q

two groups of polysaccharides

A

homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides

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19
Q

a polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined by alpha-glyosidic linkages

A

starch

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20
Q

formed from glucose units with alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

amylose

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21
Q

formed from glucose units but with branching due to alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds

A

amylopectin

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22
Q

found in the cell walls of nearly all plants (most abundant), where it gives support and rigidity to wood and plant stems

A

cellulose

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23
Q

an unbranched polymer composed of glucose joined in a beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage; water insoluble

A

cellulose

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24
Q

extensively branched glucose polymer that animals use as an energy reserve

A

glycogen

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25
molecule that has both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) parts
amphipath or amphiphile
26
simplest hydrolyzable lipids, they are esters formed from a fatty acid and high molecular weight alcohol
waxes
27
most abundant lipids
triacylglycerols or triglycerides (aka fats and oils)
28
basic hydrolysis of TAGs producing glycerol and soaps
saponification
29
saturated C10-C20 fatty acids
Capric, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Arachidic
30
composed of saturated FA; solid at room temp
animal fats
31
composed of unsaturated FA; liquid at room temp
vegetable oils
32
lengthens the shelf life of fats and oils by reducing the unsaturation (C=C) via catalytic addition of hydrogen
hydrogenation
33
second most abundant type of lipid; form the principal lipid component of most cell membranes
phosphoacylglycerols (phosphoglycerides)
34
derived from sphingosine; component of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
sphingomyelins
35
the coating that surrounds and insulates nerve cells, is rich in sphingomyelins
myelin sheath
36
nonpolar amino acids (alkyl group)
alanine (A), valine (V), leucine (L), isoleucine (I)
37
acidic amino acids
aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q)
38
OH or S amino acids
serine (S), threonine (T), cysteine (C), methionine (M)
39
basic amino acids
histidine (H), lysine (K), arginine (R)
40
aromatic amino acids
phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), tryptophan (W)
41
essential amino acids
Try THis VIP MaLL
42
essential amino acid for kids
arginine
43
non essential amino acids
Ah, Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Guys Take Proposal Seriously
44
way a polypeptide folds in a repeating arrangement to form alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets
secondary structure
45
structural protein of connective tissues where it provides strength and elasticity; most abundant protein in humans
collagen
46
made possible by the primary structure of collagen
extended helix structure
47
resemble long ribbons or fibers
fibrous proteins
48
relatively spherical of ovoid in shape
globular proteins
49
established the 3D structure of DNA
james watson and francis crick
50
sugar + base
nucleoside
51
sugar + base + phosphate
nucleotide
52
redox reactions involving substrates
oxidoreductases
53
transfer of functional groups between two substrates
transferases
54
hydrolysis by the addition of water
hydrolases
55
addition of a group to a double bond or elimination of a group to create a double bond without hydrolysis
lyases
56
transfer of groups within substrates to yield isomeric forms
isomerases
57
formation of bonds by condensation reactions couples to cleavage of ATP or similar cofactor
ligases
58
movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes
translocases
59
breaks down carbs and starches into simple sugars
amylase
60
breaks down lactose into simple sugars glucose and galactose
lactase
61
breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
lipase
62
breaks down protein into amino acids
protease
63
breaks down malt sugar into glucose
maltase
64
breaks down sugar into glucose and fructose
sucrase
65
involved in digesting long protein chains into shorter fragments by splitting the peptide bonds that link amino acid residues
proteases
66
detach the terminal amino acids from the protein chain
exopeptidases
67
attack internal peptide bonds of a protein
endopeptidases
68
lower the activation energy; very specific as to what substrates they bind and the chemical reaction they catalyze
enzymes
69
substrate binding occurs in a pocket on the enzyme called __
active site
70
suggest that the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into the enzyme
lock and key model
71

DAY 1 TOPICS (6 decks)

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