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DAY 1 TOPICS > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

intermediate in fructose metabolism

A

glyceraldehyde

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2
Q

found in blood and cartilage tissue

A

erythrose

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3
Q

present in cells particularly in the mitochondria; sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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4
Q

main source of fuel in cells

A

glucose

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5
Q

can enter glycolysis and produce intermediates for cellular respiration

A

fructose

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6
Q

simple sugars

A

monosaccharide

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7
Q

naturally occurring sugars

A

D-sugars

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8
Q

the OH and C=O can undergo intramolecular cyclization to form __

A

hemiacetals

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9
Q

aldohexoses typically form a six-membered ring or a __

A

pyranose ring

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10
Q

monosaccharides that cannot be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

A

simple carbohydrates

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11
Q

made of two or more simple sugars (oligo- and polysaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds

A

complex carbohydrates

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12
Q

composed of 2 to 10 monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

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13
Q

bond that joins the monosaccharides in oligo- and polysaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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14
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose (table sugar)

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15
Q

galactose + glucose

A

lactose (milk sugar)

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16
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose (malt sugar)

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17
Q

contain three or more monosaccharides linked together

A

polysaccharides

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18
Q

two groups of polysaccharides

A

homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides

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19
Q

a polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined by alpha-glyosidic linkages

A

starch

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20
Q

formed from glucose units with alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

amylose

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21
Q

formed from glucose units but with branching due to alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds

A

amylopectin

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22
Q

found in the cell walls of nearly all plants (most abundant), where it gives support and rigidity to wood and plant stems

A

cellulose

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23
Q

an unbranched polymer composed of glucose joined in a beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage; water insoluble

A

cellulose

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24
Q

extensively branched glucose polymer that animals use as an energy reserve

A

glycogen

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25
Q

molecule that has both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) parts

A

amphipath or amphiphile

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26
Q

simplest hydrolyzable lipids, they are esters formed from a fatty acid and high molecular weight alcohol

A

waxes

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27
Q

most abundant lipids

A

triacylglycerols or triglycerides (aka fats and oils)

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28
Q

basic hydrolysis of TAGs producing glycerol and soaps

A

saponification

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29
Q

saturated C10-C20 fatty acids

A

Capric, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Arachidic

30
Q

composed of saturated FA; solid at room temp

A

animal fats

31
Q

composed of unsaturated FA; liquid at room temp

A

vegetable oils

32
Q

lengthens the shelf life of fats and oils by reducing the unsaturation (C=C) via catalytic addition of hydrogen

A

hydrogenation

33
Q

second most abundant type of lipid; form the principal lipid component of most cell membranes

A

phosphoacylglycerols (phosphoglycerides)

34
Q

derived from sphingosine; component of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

A

sphingomyelins

35
Q

the coating that surrounds and insulates nerve cells, is rich in sphingomyelins

A

myelin sheath

36
Q

nonpolar amino acids (alkyl group)

A

alanine (A), valine (V), leucine (L), isoleucine (I)

37
Q

acidic amino acids

A

aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q)

38
Q

OH or S amino acids

A

serine (S), threonine (T), cysteine (C), methionine (M)

39
Q

basic amino acids

A

histidine (H), lysine (K), arginine (R)

40
Q

aromatic amino acids

A

phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), tryptophan (W)

41
Q

essential amino acids

A

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42
Q

essential amino acid for kids

A

arginine

43
Q

non essential amino acids

A

Ah, Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Guys Take Proposal Seriously

44
Q

way a polypeptide folds in a repeating arrangement to form alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets

A

secondary structure

45
Q

structural protein of connective tissues where it provides strength and elasticity; most abundant protein in humans

A

collagen

46
Q

made possible by the primary structure of collagen

A

extended helix structure

47
Q

resemble long ribbons or fibers

A

fibrous proteins

48
Q

relatively spherical of ovoid in shape

A

globular proteins

49
Q

established the 3D structure of DNA

A

james watson and francis crick

50
Q

sugar + base

A

nucleoside

51
Q

sugar + base + phosphate

A

nucleotide

52
Q

redox reactions involving substrates

A

oxidoreductases

53
Q

transfer of functional groups between two substrates

A

transferases

54
Q

hydrolysis by the addition of water

A

hydrolases

55
Q

addition of a group to a double bond or elimination of a group to create a double bond without hydrolysis

A

lyases

56
Q

transfer of groups within substrates to yield isomeric forms

A

isomerases

57
Q

formation of bonds by condensation reactions couples to cleavage of ATP or similar cofactor

A

ligases

58
Q

movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes

A

translocases

59
Q

breaks down carbs and starches into simple sugars

A

amylase

60
Q

breaks down lactose into simple sugars glucose and galactose

A

lactase

61
Q

breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipase

62
Q

breaks down protein into amino acids

A

protease

63
Q

breaks down malt sugar into glucose

A

maltase

64
Q

breaks down sugar into glucose and fructose

A

sucrase

65
Q

involved in digesting long protein chains into shorter fragments by splitting the peptide bonds that link amino acid residues

A

proteases

66
Q

detach the terminal amino acids from the protein chain

A

exopeptidases

67
Q

attack internal peptide bonds of a protein

A

endopeptidases

68
Q

lower the activation energy; very specific as to what substrates they bind and the chemical reaction they catalyze

A

enzymes

69
Q

substrate binding occurs in a pocket on the enzyme called __

A

active site

70
Q

suggest that the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into the enzyme

A

lock and key model

71
Q
A

DAY 1 TOPICS (6 decks)

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