Materials Science and Engineering

Question 1

paradigm of mat sci and eng

Answer 1

processing -> structure -> properties -> performance

Question 2

structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components

Answer 2

structure

Question 3

material traits in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus

Answer 3

properties

Question 4

relate deformation to an applied load of force

Answer 4

mechanical properties

Question 5

relates the applied electric field

Answer 5

electrical properties

Question 6

temperature changes and temperature gradients across the material

Answer 6

thermal properties

Question 7

relates the applied magnetic field

Answer 7

magnetic properties

Question 8

relates the electromagnetic or light radiation

Answer 8

optical properties

Question 9

relate to the chemical reactivity of materials

Answer 9

deteriorative properties

Question 10

represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal expansion

Answer 10

thermal behavior

Question 11

pertains to the electrons within individual atoms, including their energies and interactions with the atomic nuclei

Answer 11

subatomic structure

Question 12

refers to the arrangement of atoms, which leads to the formation of molecules or crystals

Answer 12

atomic structure

Question 13

focuses on the study of aggregates of atoms that come together to form particles which have nanoscale dimensions

Answer 13

nano-structure

Question 14

structural elements that can be directly observed using a microscope

Answer 14

microstructure

Question 15

refers to the structural elements that can be observed with the naked eye

Answer 15

macrostructure

Question 16

composed of metallic elements; atoms are arranged in a very orderly manner

Answer 16

metals

Question 17

compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides

Answer 17

ceramics

Question 18

compounds composed of primarily carbon, hydrogen and other nonmetallic elements; large molecular structures chainlike nature with backbone of carbon atoms

Answer 18

polymers

Question 19

low density, low stiffness and strength, extremely ductile and pliable, good deteriorative properties: relatively inert chemically

Answer 19

polymers

Question 20

composed of at least two different material types

Answer 20

composites

Question 21

__ tend to have lower energies = better stability

Answer 21

dense, ordered packed structures

Question 22

atoms/ions in repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances

Answer 22

crystalline materials

Question 23

lack periodicity and long-range order; have complex structure; formation is favored thru rapid cooling

Answer 23

noncrystalline materials (amorphous)

Question 24

tend to be densely packed; simpler than that of ceramics and polymers

Answer 24

metallic crystal structure

Question 25

rare due to low packing density; close-packed directions are cube edges

Answer 25

simple cubic structure

Question 26

number of nearest-neighbor or touching atoms

Answer 26

coordination number

Question 27

two or more distinct crystal structures for the same material

Answer 27

polymorphism; allotropy for elemental solids

Question 28

reciprocals of the 3 axial intercepts for a plane, cleared of fractions and common multiples

Answer 28

miller indices

Question 29

determination of crystal structure and interplanar spacing; incoming x-rays diffract from crystal planes

Answer 29

x-ray diffraction

Question 30

loads may be applied primarily in three ways

Answer 30

tension load, compressive load, shear load

Question 31

nonpermanent deformation

Answer 31

elastic deformation

Question 32

permanent deformation

Answer 32

plastic deformation

Question 33

measure of the resistance to separation of adjacent atoms - interatomic binding forces

Answer 33

modules of elasticity

Question 34

shear strain-strain relationship

Answer 34

shear modulus

Question 35

relates the lateral and axial strains

Answer 35

poisson's ratio

Question 36

also known as proportionality limit, initial departure from linearity of the stress-strain curve

Answer 36

yielding

Question 37

stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has occurred

Answer 37

yield strength

Question 38

max stress that can be sustained

Answer 38

fracture

Question 39

measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture

Answer 39

ductility

Question 40

materials are said to have very little to no plastic deformation upon fracture

Answer 40

brittle materials

Question 41

exhibit plastic deformation before finally fracturing

Answer 41

ductile materials

Question 42

abundant within earth's crust; economical processing techniques; extremely versatile

Answer 42

ferrous alloys

Question 43

most widely used engineering construction materials

Answer 43

ferrous alloys

Question 44

relatively soft+ductile+tough; machinable, weldable; automobile body components, structural shapes, sheets for pipelines

Answer 44

low-carbon steels

Question 45

stronger than low-carbon steels; poor ductility and toughness

Answer 45

medium-carbon steels

Question 46

hardest, strongest but least ductile; cutting tools and dies for forming and shaping materials, knives, razors, etc

Answer 46

high-carbon steel

Question 47

alloyed by Cr to improve corrosion resistance; further improve by addition of Ni and Mo; highly resistant to corrosion, consequently leads to its wide range of applicability

Answer 47

stainless steels

Question 48

similar to steels but with higher carbon contents > 2.14%

Answer 48

cast irons

Question 49

graphite form: flakes; weak and brittle under tension; strong and ductile under compression

Answer 49

gray cast iron

Question 50

in nodules or sphere like form; also called as nodular iron

Answer 50

ductile iron

Question 51

carbon exists as cementite; extremely hard, very brittle

Answer 51

white cast iron

Question 52

graphite form is wormlike/vermicular; tensile and yield strengths are comparable to ductile and malleable iron; high thermal conductivity, better resistance to thermal shock, and lower oxidation at high T

Answer 52

compacted graphite iron

Question 53

corrosion resistant; Zn as alloying component

Answer 53

brass

Question 54

Sn, AL, Si, Ni as alloying component; corrosion resistant + added strength

Answer 54

bronze

Question 55

low density, high electrical and thermal conductivities, corrosion resistant for some common conditions, high ductility

Answer 55

aluminum and its alloys

Question 56

low density, relatively soft

Answer 56

magnesium and its alloys

Question 57

low density, high melting point, extremely strong, highly ductile, highly machinable

Answer 57

titanium and its alloys

Question 58

achieved through firing, a high-temperature heat treatment process of materials

Answer 58

ceramic

Question 59

stable structure is where cation is with __ nearest neighbor anions; cations that are all contact with the __

Answer 59

high; anion

Question 60

noncrystalline or amorphous silicates containing other oxides such as CaO, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3

Answer 60

glasses

Question 61

widely used ceramic raw material; inexpensive and abundant

Answer 61

clay products

Question 62

can withstand high temperatures without melting/decomposing; remain unreactive under extreme conditions

Answer 62

refractories

Question 63

extremely hard and war resistant; mohs hardness>7

Answer 63

abrasives

Question 64

characteristic feature of setting and hardening when mixed with water

Answer 64

cements

Question 65

study crack origins and configurations of brittle ceramics for different loading types

Answer 65

fractography

Question 66

polymer composed of single type of repeat units

Answer 66

homopolymer

Question 67

polymer composed of 2 or more different repeat units

Answer 67

copolymer

Question 68

properties of polymers depend on:

Answer 68

molecular weight, shape, structure of molecular chains

Question 69

chain bending and twisting are possible by rotation of carbon atoms around their chain bonds

Answer 69

molecular shape (or conformation)

Question 70

fractures while deforming elastically

Answer 70

brittle polymers

Question 71

similar to most metals which includes elastic deformation followed by plastic deformation

Answer 71

plastic polymers

Question 72

deformation is totally elastic in which there is large recoverable strains produced at low stress level

Answer 72

elastomers

Question 73

the stress corresponding to the maximum point just after the linear-elastic region

Answer 73

yield strength

Question 74

tensile strength, which corresponds to the stress at which fracture occurs

Answer 74

strength of polymer

Question 75

show physical manifestations like those of metals, known as crazing

Answer 75

fracture of polymers

Question 76

doping where dopant is donor impurity atoms

Answer 76

n-doping

Question 77

n-doping dopants

Answer 77

P, As, Sb

Question 78

p-doping dopants

Answer 78

B, Al, Ga

Question 79

doping where dopant is acceptor atoms

Answer 79

p-doping

Question 80

major charge carrier for n-doping

Answer 80

electrons

Question 81

major charge carrier for p-doping

Answer 81

holes

Question 82

substances that are, or have been, reduced in size to the range from 1 nm to ~100 nm

Answer 82

nanomaterials

Question 83

nanomaterial dimension where all dimension (x,y,z) is within the nanscale range

Answer 83

0D

Question 84

nanomaterial dimension where 2 of 3 dimensions are in nanoscale range

Answer 84

1D

Question 85

nanomaterial dimension wherein 1 dimension is in the nanoscale range

Answer 85

2D

Question 86

nanomaterial dimension where dimensions are not confined in any direction' still considered as nanomaterials since they are made up of individual particles in the nanometer scale

Answer 86

3D