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a level chemistry > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 features of a homologous series

A
  1. same functional groups
  2. same general formula
  3. similar chemical properties
  4. each successive member differs by CH2
  5. gradually changing physical properties
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2
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon is a compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

what is a general formula

A

represents the homologous series of compounds using letters and numbers

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4
Q

what is a structural formula

A

shows how atoms are bonded to each carbon atom in a molecule

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5
Q

what is a displayed formula

A

representation of an organic comound and all its atoms and their bonds

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6
Q

what is a skeletal formula

A

formula with all the carbon adn hydrogen bonds assumed

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7
Q

what is a molecular formula

A

shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule

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8
Q

what is an empirical formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of the elements present in a molecule

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9
Q

what is structual isomerism

A

the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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10
Q

what are the 3 different types of structural isomerism and explain them

A

functional group- different functional groups

chain- different longest carbon chain length

position- functional/ alkyl group is on a different carbon

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11
Q

what is stereoisomerism

A

compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but atoms are arranged differently in space

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12
Q

what is geometric isomerism

A

have the same molecular and structural formula but the groups on the double bond can be switched above or below

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13
Q

what is an E isomer and what is a Z isomer

what does the difference between them cause in properties

A

an E isomer have functional groups on opposite sides of the double bond

a Z isomer have functional groups on the same side of the double bond

they hve very different chemical and physical properties

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14
Q

explain the process of fractional distillation

A
  1. it is carried out in a fractioning column which has a heat gradient at the top it is cool and at the bottom it is very hot
  2. crude oil enters the fractioning column and is heated so vapour rises
  3. vapours of hydrocarbons with low B.Ps will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off and the fractions will high B.Ps will be at the bottom
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15
Q

what is the problem with fractional distillation (what does it miss)

A

crude oil contains small amounts of compounds containing sulphur and when burned it can form sulfur dioxide

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16
Q

what is the order of fractions in fractional distillation

A
  1. refinary gases
  2. petrol
  3. naptha
  4. kerosene
  5. gas oils
  6. mineral oils
  7. residue: wax, grease, bitumen
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17
Q

what is cracking and why do we use it

A

cracking is the breaking of long chain hydrocarbons into smaller ones as the smaller ones are more useful

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18
Q

what are the two types of cracking
what are the conditions
what are the products

A

thermal and catalytic

thermal- high temperatures and high pressure to produce alkanes and mainly alkenes

catalytic- lower temp and slight pressure in the presence of a zeolite catalyst to produce alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons

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19
Q

what are the two types of combustion and what are the conditions and products of them

A

complete- in excess oxygen to produce CO2 and H20

incomplete- limted supply of oxygen to form CO,CO2,soot and H2O

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20
Q

what can car exhaust fumes contain?

A

carbon monoxide
nitrogen oxide
volatile organic compounds

21
Q

how is nitrogen oxide produces in cars and what are the dangers of it?

A

high temperatures in the engine cause nitrogen to react with oxygen and nitrous oxides are released into the air
-they can dissolve and react with water to from nitric acid which causes acid rain
-they can also react with unburnt hydrocarbons to create VOCs which form smog

22
Q

what is the role of catalytic converters and what is their structure

A

reduce the amount of pollutants released in car exhaust fumes

coated in a honeycomb structure of precious metals like: platinum,palladium and rhodium to increase the surface area

23
Q

what is the equation/s for catalytic converters removing CO from the air

A

2CO + O2 –> 2CO2
or
2CO + 2NO –> 2CO2 + N2

24
Q

what is teh equation for removiing nitrous oxides from the air in catalytic converters

A

2CO + 2NO –> 2CO2 + N2

25
Q

what is the equation for removing unburnt hydrocarbons from the air in catalytic converters

A

hydrocarbon –> nCO2 + n+1H2O

26
Q

what are the steps to free radical substitution

A

initation step: halogen bond is broken by UV light and forms 2 radical in homolytic fission

propagation step:radicals create firther radicals as they break the C-H bonds and form an alkyl radical and this can attack a halogen to from a halogenoalkane and regenerate the halogen radical

termination step: reaction is stopped when two radicals collids with each other

27
Q

what happens in nucelophillic substitution and what are the products

A

halogen is subbed for another atom or group of atoms

either a alcohol, amine or nitrile is formed

28
Q

what are the conditions for nucleophillic substitution to form an alcohol

A

aqueous solution of NaOH or KOH

or it can be with water but the reaction is very slow as there is only a partial charge whereas OH has a fully negative one

the mixture is warmed

29
Q

what are the conditions of nucleophillic substitution with a cyanide

A

ethanolic solution of KCN heated under reflux

30
Q

what is the product of nucleophillic substitution with a cyanide

A

produces a nitrile

31
Q

what are the conditions of nucloephillic subsititution with ammonia

A

ethanolic solution of EXCESS ammonia heated under pressure

32
Q

what is the product of nucleophillic substitution with ammonia

A

primary amine

33
Q

what is elimination

A

when an organic molcule loses a small molecule and a double bond is formed

34
Q

what are the conditions for elimination

A

ethanolic NaOH/KOH and reflux

35
Q

what are the equations for chlorine reacting with ozone

A

Cl’ + O3 –> ClO’ + O2
ClO’ + O3 –> 2O2 + Cl’

overall equation is
2O3–> 3O2

36
Q

what is electrophillic addition

A

the addition of an electrophile to a double bond turning a double bond into a single bond

37
Q

what are the conditions for electrophillic addition with hydrogen

A

a nickel catalyst and heat

38
Q

what are the conditions for electrophillic addition with steam

A

a H3PO4 catalyst and heat

39
Q

what are the conditions for electrophillic with halides

A

room temp

40
Q

how do you test for alkenes

A

add bromine water and it will go colourless

41
Q

what 5 things can electrophillic addition happen with

A

hydrogen
steam
hydrogen halides
halogens
H2SO4

42
Q

what is addition polymerisation

A

the reaction in which many monomers containing at least one double bond form a long chain moleucle that is made up of mamy repeating units

43
Q

what is the most common polymer and what is it used for

A

PVC which are used to make plastics

44
Q

how do you test for primary and secondary alcohols

A
  1. K2Cr2O7- acidified potassium dichromate added to oxidise alcohols
  2. primary and secondary go green and teritary stays orange
45
Q

how can you test for the presence of an aldehyde

A

fehlings and tollens reagent

fehlings warmed with an aldehyde the aldehyde is oxidised into a carboxylic acid and the clear blue colour of the solution turns opaque red

tollens is warmed with an aldehyde and forms a carboxylic acid and a silver mirror is formed on the inside of the tube

46
Q

what are the conditions for dehydration of alchohols

A

alcohol vapour passed over a hot catalyst of aluminium oxide powder or pieces of porous pot

47
Q

what is IR spectroscopy

A

a technique used to identify compounds based on chages in vibrations of atoms when they absorb certain frequencies of IR

48
Q

how does IR spec work

A

1.a spectrophotometer irradiates the sample with electromagnetic waves in the infrared region and then detects the intensity of the wavelength whcih goes through the sample

  1. all organic molecules absorb IR radiation and the radiation being absorbed will vibrate by stretching bending and twisting

3.the resonance freq. is the specific freq. at which the moleucles vibrate and the different functional groups have different vibration which is how you can identify them

a level chemistry (14 decks)

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