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biology honors > organelles + cell differentiation > Flashcards

organelles + cell differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

cytoplasm

A
  1. holds organelles in place
  2. where many chemical reactions occur

both pro + eu
both plant + animal

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2
Q

mitochondria

A
  1. site of aerobic/cellular respiration
  2. where ATP/energy is made

cristae: folded membrane that increases the surface area –> more room for reactions –> more ATP produced

eu
both plant + animal

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3
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

has ribosomes –> protein synthesis

shown in diagram as membrane bound organelle that has dots (ribosomes) and is usually found close to the nucleus.

eu
both plant + animal

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4
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • doesn’t have ribosomes
    where lipids are synthesized

eu
both plant + animal

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5
Q

ribosome

A

where proteins are made

shown on diagram as little dot

pro + eu
both plant + animal

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6
Q

golgi apparatus/body

A

organelle made up of stacked/multilayered membrane that packages, sorts, + ships out products made in the cell (to another part of the cell or outside the cell itself)

similar to UPS or FedEx

eu
both plant + animal

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7
Q

vacuole

A

storage area:
- mostly H20 for plants (they are large as plants need lots of water to do photosynthesis)
- food for protists
- waste

eu
both plant + animal

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8
Q

lysosome

A
  • digests and breaks down worn out cell parts –> makes cell more efficient by getting rid of non-working parts

lys: destruction

eu
plant + animal (mostly)

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • movement, change cell shape/structure
  • involved in cell division/reproduction (mitosis)

eu
animal

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10
Q

cilia

A
  • short, hair-like projections
  • aid in movement/LOCOMOTION

eu
both plant + animal (mostly)

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11
Q

flagella

A
  • long whiplike tails
  • movement/LOCOMOTION

all pro, some eu (animal + plants: sperm)
both plants (those that live alongside the water + don’t use pollen to reproduce: make sperm) + animals (sperm)

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12
Q

centrioles

A
  • helps cells divide (mitosis)

eu
animal

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13
Q

nucleus

A
  1. control center
  2. holds the DNA/genetic material (while some things can exit the nucleus (ribosomes), the DNA is too big of a molecule to leave)

eu
plant + animal

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14
Q

nucleolus

A
  • inside the nucleus
  • ribosome synthesis

eu
plant + animal

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15
Q

cholorplast

A
  1. site of photosynthesis (cells of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs have the most chloroplasts while other leaf cells can have little or even none)
  2. where glucose is made
  3. where light energy –> chemical energy

eu
plant

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16
Q

cell wall

A
  • provides structural support + protection

eu + pro
bacteria, plants, fungi

17
Q

cell/plasma membrane

A
  1. controls what enters + exits the cell
  2. maintains homeostasis/balance within the cell

eu + pro
plant + animal

18
Q

prokaryotes

A
  1. has no nucleus
  2. doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles
  3. simple
  4. singular, circular/non-linear chromosome (DNA)
  5. examples of prokaryotes: only bacteria
19
Q

eukaryotes

A
  1. has a nucleus
  2. has membrane-bound organelles
  3. more complex
  4. multiple, linear chromosomes
  5. animals plants, fungi, protists (anything that isn’t bacteria)
20
Q

shared qualities

A
  1. has DNA/genetic material
  2. has cell/plasma membrane
  3. has cytoplasm
  4. has ribosomes (protein maker)
  5. makes proteins
21
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made of cells
    - unicellular: one cell (ex. protists)
    - multicellular: many things (ex. humans)
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
    cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
22
Q

symbiont theory of eukaryote evolution

A
23
Q

embryonic stem cell

A

not differentiated, not specialized –> has the ability to become ANY cell in the body

24
Q

somatic stem cell

A

adult stem cells, usually found in the bone marrow. can become many types of cells in the body, but not ANY.

25
Q

how do cells become differentiated?

A

every cell in an organism has the same DNA, but cells differentiate because different genes (pieces of DNA) are switched ON/activated/expressed.

Ex. gene to have brown hair switched on in person A, but not in person B who has blonde hair.

26
Q

stem cell

A
  1. undifferentiated/not specialized
  2. identical DNA
27
Q

process of cells

A
  1. 23 chromosomes (from sperm) + 23 chromosomes (from egg)
  2. 46 chromosome zygote (fertilizatization/conception)
  3. 7 days: process of mitosis (division) to make identical cells
  4. blastula/blastocyst: hollow ball of IDENTICAL stem cells
  5. different genes are switched ON in various cells and begin to develop specialized cells.

ex.
- epithelial cell: lining of lungs, exchanges O2 + CO2, respiratory system
- neuron (nerve cell): brain, spinal cord, nerves –> forms the nervous system to transmit signals
- red blood cell: hold hemoglobin (transport O2), makes up the circulatory system

28
Q

main idea

A

all cells come from stem cells that were previously identical. they become specialized/differentiated when certain genes get turned on.

biology honors (10 decks)

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