organelles + cell differentiation Flashcards
memorization
cytoplasm
- holds organelles in place
- where many chemical reactions occur
both pro + eu
both plant + animal
mitochondria
- site of aerobic/cellular respiration
- where ATP/energy is made
cristae: folded membrane that increases the surface area –> more room for reactions –> more ATP produced
eu
both plant + animal
rough endoplasmic reticulum
has ribosomes –> protein synthesis
shown in diagram as membrane bound organelle that has dots (ribosomes) and is usually found close to the nucleus.
eu
both plant + animal
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- doesn’t have ribosomes
where lipids are synthesized
eu
both plant + animal
ribosome
where proteins are made
shown on diagram as little dot
pro + eu
both plant + animal
golgi apparatus/body
organelle made up of stacked/multilayered membrane that packages, sorts, + ships out products made in the cell (to another part of the cell or outside the cell itself)
similar to UPS or FedEx
eu
both plant + animal
vacuole
storage area:
- mostly H20 for plants (they are large as plants need lots of water to do photosynthesis)
- food for protists
- waste
eu
both plant + animal
lysosome
- digests and breaks down worn out cell parts –> makes cell more efficient by getting rid of non-working parts
lys: destruction
eu
plant + animal (mostly)
cytoskeleton
- movement, change cell shape/structure
- involved in cell division/reproduction (mitosis)
eu
animal
cilia
- short, hair-like projections
- aid in movement/LOCOMOTION
eu
both plant + animal (mostly)
flagella
- long whiplike tails
- movement/LOCOMOTION
all pro, some eu (animal + plants: sperm)
both plants (those that live alongside the water + don’t use pollen to reproduce: make sperm) + animals (sperm)
centrioles
- helps cells divide (mitosis)
eu
animal
nucleus
- control center
- holds the DNA/genetic material (while some things can exit the nucleus (ribosomes), the DNA is too big of a molecule to leave)
eu
plant + animal
nucleolus
- inside the nucleus
- ribosome synthesis
eu
plant + animal
cholorplast
- site of photosynthesis (cells of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs have the most chloroplasts while other leaf cells can have little or even none)
- where glucose is made
- where light energy –> chemical energy
eu
plant
cell wall
- provides structural support + protection
eu + pro
bacteria, plants, fungi
cell/plasma membrane
- controls what enters + exits the cell
- maintains homeostasis/balance within the cell
eu + pro
plant + animal
prokaryotes
- has no nucleus
- doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles
- simple
- singular, circular/non-linear chromosome (DNA)
- examples of prokaryotes: only bacteria
eukaryotes
- has a nucleus
- has membrane-bound organelles
- more complex
- multiple, linear chromosomes
- animals plants, fungi, protists (anything that isn’t bacteria)
shared qualities
- has DNA/genetic material
- has cell/plasma membrane
- has cytoplasm
- has ribosomes (protein maker)
- makes proteins
cell theory
- all living things are made of cells
- unicellular: one cell (ex. protists)
- multicellular: many things (ex. humans) - the cell is the basic unit of life
cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism - all cells come from pre-existing cells
symbiont theory of eukaryote evolution
embryonic stem cell
not differentiated, not specialized –> has the ability to become ANY cell in the body
somatic stem cell
adult stem cells, usually found in the bone marrow. can become many types of cells in the body, but not ANY.
how do cells become differentiated?
every cell in an organism has the same DNA, but cells differentiate because different genes (pieces of DNA) are switched ON/activated/expressed.
Ex. gene to have brown hair switched on in person A, but not in person B who has blonde hair.
stem cell
- undifferentiated/not specialized
- identical DNA
process of cells
- 23 chromosomes (from sperm) + 23 chromosomes (from egg)
- 46 chromosome zygote (fertilizatization/conception)
- 7 days: process of mitosis (division) to make identical cells
- blastula/blastocyst: hollow ball of IDENTICAL stem cells
- different genes are switched ON in various cells and begin to develop specialized cells.
ex.
- epithelial cell: lining of lungs, exchanges O2 + CO2, respiratory system
- neuron (nerve cell): brain, spinal cord, nerves –> forms the nervous system to transmit signals
- red blood cell: hold hemoglobin (transport O2), makes up the circulatory system
main idea
all cells come from stem cells that were previously identical. they become specialized/differentiated when certain genes get turned on.
