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biology honors > ecology > Flashcards

ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

phrase to remember levels of organization

A

“Big Elephants Can Party Hard Nightly”

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2
Q

ecology

A

how biotic (living) things interact with other biotic + abiotic factors - all things in an ecosystem are linked to each other.

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3
Q

biosphere

A

part of the earth where all life exists, not all life is equally distributed in biosphere.

ex. earth

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

all living (biotic) + non-living (abiotic) parts in a specific area.

ex. pond: ducks, fish, soil, rocks

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5
Q

community

A

all biotic factors of an ecosystem. form a system of production, consumption, and decomposition.

ex. fish, frogs, turtles, algae, bacteria

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6
Q

population

A

all members of the same species in an ecosystem that live in the same area and share resources.

ex. small-mouth bass in a pond

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7
Q

habitat

A

surroundings/environment of a particular organism (home).

ex. dam of a pond

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8
Q

niche

A

an organism’s job/role.

ex. consume small fish for population to stay under control

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9
Q

autotroph:

A

organism that makes its own food from solar energy.

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10
Q

heterotroph

A

consumers that feed off of autotrophs or other heterotrophs for energy.

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11
Q

trophic levels

A

levels of feeding in an ecosystem

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12
Q

producer

A

autotroph, makes its own food.

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13
Q

primary consumer

A

eats autotroph/producer

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14
Q

secondary consumer

A

eats primary consumer: herbivore

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15
Q

tertiary consumer

A

eats secondary consumer: omnivore, carnivore, scavenger

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16
Q

how much energy passes to next trophic level?

A

10%, 90% is used by organism as it tries to escape, etc.

level of energy gets lower and lower up the trophic levels – that is why we can’t have too many tiers.

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17
Q

decomposers

A

bacteria + fungi that break down dead plants and animal tissue + return nutrients back into soil.

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18
Q

examples of energy transfer

A

food chain, food web, energy pyramid

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19
Q

food chain

A

sequence of one organism feeding upon another at a lower trophic level.

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20
Q

food web

A

web of interconnected food chains; more complex than food chains.

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21
Q

predator v. prey relationship

A

important to control population numbers

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22
Q

symbiotic relationship

A

living together, benefits at least one organism

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23
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit (+,+)

ex. bee + flower

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24
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, other isn’t benefited or harmed (+,0)

ex. remora fish + shark

25
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits, other is harmed (+, -)

ex. ticks on dogs

26
Q

host

A

organism affected by symbiote

27
Q

symbiote

A

lives in or on the host

28
Q

acid rain

A

Sulfur or nitrogen containing compounds are released by combustion (burning fossil fuels), mix w/ H2O and create acid rain. Rain water is very acidic (pH 3), decays plants, aquatic animals die, damages soil, and kills enzymes needed for growth.

H2O + Co2 -> H2So3

29
Q

ozone depletion

A

When chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) react w/ ozone in the stratosphere. Break down ozone by pulling an oxygen away. Ozone protects earth from the sun’s harmful UV rays (skin cancer + cataract causing). O3.

30
Q

global warming/climate change

A

Intensified greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect traps heat in earth’s atmosphere, and CO2 creates more particles that traps heat in atmosphere. CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide. Rises global temperatures, melts ice caps, etc.

31
Q

Biomagnification
/bioaccumulation

A

Substance moves through the food chain and increases in quantity throughout trophic level. Might result in disease and death for organisms that accumulate too much.

32
Q

Population growth/habitat destruction

A

Population starts -> grows a lot -> meets carrying capacity. Based on resources, limiting factors, carrying capacity could change in respect to the environment.

Humans: excessive human growth, needing more resources, get more resources by clearing forests.

33
Q

Non-native or invasive species

A

Species brought to an area that it is not indigenous to: no natural predators, no limiting factors, population grows exponentially and harms existing populations.

34
Q

Eutrophication

A

Excess nitrogen in water, algal bloom that covers the water and blocks the light so plants at the bottom have no food. Bacteria and decomposers feed on dead producers and multiply in excess. Excess bacteria will do cellular respiration until water becomes anoxic (no oxygen), everything dies because it cannot do cellular respiration.

35
Q

how can humans stop acid rain?

A

Burn less fossil fuel, research more about alternative energy (wind, solar, etc.)

36
Q

how can humans stop ozone depletion?

A

Ban CFCs, Montreal protocol 1989 agreed to phase CFCs out.

37
Q

how can humans stop global warming?

A

Drive less, unplug appliances, conserve electricity @ home.

38
Q

how can humans stop biomagnification?

A

Banned use of DDT, stopped using fat soluble pesticides -> stops moving up the trophic levels.

39
Q

how can humans stop population growth/habitat destruction?

A

Make responsible choices about family planning.

40
Q

how can humans stop invasive species?

A

Don’t bring or transport food or organisms into the country.

41
Q

how can humans stop eutrophication?

A

Don’t use excessive fertilizers, stop sewage run off, stop burning fossil fuels.

42
Q

Why is the Nitrogen Cycle needed?

A

Air is 78% nitrogen, but not in a usable form for plants, the nitrogen cycle “fixes” the nitrogen into its usable form.

43
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

bacteria in the roots of legumes change nitrogen/N2 into usable form to build proteins.

44
Q

Ammonification + Nitrification

A

bacteria change N2 into usable nitrogen/NO3 or NO2– so plants can make protein.

45
Q

Assimilation

A

plants will absorb/take in usable form (NO3- or NO2-) into their roots + use it to build plant proteins.

46
Q

Decomposition

A

heterotrophic decomposers/bacteria + fungi return nitrogen back into soil.

47
Q

Denitrification

A

Nitrates (NO3-) returned to the atmosphere as N2 by bacteria.

48
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

49
Q

cellular respiration (aerobic)

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 34-38 ATp

50
Q

CO2 levels

A

photosynthesis (⬇)
cellular respiration (⬆) decomposition (⬆)
combustion (⬆)
deforestation (⬆)

51
Q

linear growth

A

growth in a straight line, populations DO NOT grow this way

52
Q

Logistic or S-Shaped Growth Curve

A

most populations grow this way

53
Q

Lag phase

A

just getting started, organisms are reproducing

54
Q

Exponential growth

A

numbers of organisms are increasing rapidly because of good environmental conditions, enough food, shelter, and few predators.

55
Q

Carrying capacity

A

(K) maximum number of organisms the environment can support. Two types of limiting factors.

56
Q

density dependent limiting factors

A

density-dependent (too many organisms, food, shelter, disease)

57
Q

density independent limiting factors

A

density-independent (limit regardless of number of organisms, natural disasters, weather, temperature)

58
Q

Stabilization phase

A

Stabilization phase

59
Q

other factors

A

predation (prey relationships good for health of natural populations, usually the young, weak, or diseased members are caught by predators), competition, and crowding/stress

biology honors (10 decks)

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