macromolecules Flashcards
what is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
what is the monomer of a lipid? what is it composed of?
triglyceride - 1 glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acids
what is the monomer of a protein? what are the components of it?
amino acid - central carbon with a lone H on top, an amino group to the left of the C, and an acid group to the right. Off the bottom, an R group that determines the shape of the molecule.
what is the monomer of a nucleic acid? how is it arranged?
nucleotide - phosphate group to the left bottom, a pentose sugar (5 C) in the middle, and a nitrogenous base to the top right.
what elements are in a carbohydrate?
C, H, O
what elements are in a lipid?
C, H, O - but there are many more C-H bonds than O
what elements are in a protein?
C, H, O, N, & sometimes S
what elements are in nucleic acids?
C, H, O, N, & P
functions of a carbohydrate?
- provide quick energy
- some provide structural support
functions of a lipid?
- stored energy
- insulation
- some make up cell membrane
functions of a protein?
- movement
- structural support
- catalyst
- defense
- transport
- cell communication
proteins are bonded by + make…
polypeptide bonds and make polypeptide chains
functions of a nucleic acid?
- store genetic information
- has the recipe/code to build proteins
examples of a carbohydrate: monosaccharide
- ribose: C5H10O5
- deoxyribose: C5H10O4
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
all C6H12O6, arranged differently
examples of a carbohydrate: disaccharide
- lactose: glucose + galactose
- sucrose: glucose + fructose
- maltose: glucose + glucose (C12H22O11)
examples of a carbohydrate: polysaccharide (structure)
- cellulose: plant cell walls
- chitin: fungi cell walls, exoskeleton of insects
examples of carbohydrates: polysaccharides (energy)
- starch: plants
- glycogen: animals
properties of a lipid
saturated: no double/triple bonds between C, cannot bend and get stuck in arteries. animal products. ex. butter
unsaturated: 1+ double/triple bonds between C, can bend and will flush out saturated lipids. plant products. ex. olive oil
non-polar, does not mix with water
examples of a lipid (other)
- phospholipids: cell membrane
- waxes: on plant leaves to prevent dehydration
- sterols/steroids (cholesterol): sex hormones
examples of a protein: categories
- movement: actin/myosin
- structural support: collagen
- catalyst: enzyme
- defense: antibodies
- transportation: hemoglobin (O2)
- cell communication: hormones (most)
examples of nucleic acids
- RNA: ribonucleic acid (ribose sugar), creates proteins via translation
- DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (deoxyribose sugar), genetic information/code
- ATP: adenosine triphosphate, energy of life
what is a polymer?
a molecule built from many monomers
poly = many
what is a monomer?
the building block that makes polymers
mono = one
what is the test for a monosaccharide? what is a positive result? examples?
- benedict test + hot h2o
- turns orange if +
- fruits, juices, sweets/candy
what is the test for a polysaccharide? what is a positive result? examples?
- lugol’s iodine test
- turns deep black/purple if +
- potato, pasta, bread, rice
what is the test for a proteins? what is a positive result? examples?
- biuret test
- turns purple/lavender if +
- meats, beans, egg white, dairy products
what is the test for a lipid? what is a positive result? examples?
- sudan red/IV: red bubbles
- brown paper bag test: smear food sample on paper bag, let dry, hold up to a light, translucence means +
- butter, oils
