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biology honors > cell division (general) > Flashcards

cell division (general) Flashcards

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1
Q

purpose of checkpoints?

A
  • ensure that cell is developing at the right pace (not too fast + not too slow)
  • make sure each phase has been completely and thoroughly
  • make sure the DNA within the cell is not mutated - cell will stop division process if mutation is found.
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2
Q

how do checkpoints regulate the cell cycle?

A

they don’t allow the cell to move past that phase if it hasn’t been completed correctly/if it finds a mistake.

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3
Q

G1 checkpoint

A
  • cell will determine if it is ready to divide chromosomes, checks for mistakes in DNA (don’t make more of mutated DNA)
  • analyze cell size, nutrients, etc.
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4
Q

G2 checkpoint

A
  • proper chromosome replication in S phase?
  • will not send mutated DNA into division process (mitosis)
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5
Q

M checkpoint

A
  • did all chromosomes line up in the middle (metaphase)
  • are spindle fibers ready to attach

next step: finish mitosis + start cytokinesis

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6
Q

purpose of mitosis?

A
  • growth, repair, + asexual reproduction
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7
Q

purpose of meiosis?

A
  • genetic variety, sexual reproduction
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8
Q

ways to create genetic variation

A
  • crossing over: homologous chromosomes swap parts, can happen multiple times, prophase I.
  • random alignment/independent assortment: order in which the homologous chromosomes line up in metaphase I.
  • random fertilization: females produce 100s of eggs in a lifetime, males produce billions of sperm, all eggs and sperm are non-identical to each other.
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9
Q

how many cells are at the beginning of mitosis?

A

1 (2n; diploid)

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10
Q

how many cells are at the beginning of meiosis?

A

1( 2n; diploid)

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11
Q

how many cells are at the end of mitosis?

A

2 (2n; diploid)

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12
Q

how many cells are at the end of meiosis?

A

4 (n; haploid)

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13
Q

type of cell created by mitosis?

A

somatic/body

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14
Q

type of cell created by meiosis?

A

gamete (sex cell)

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15
Q

how many phases in mitosis?

A

PMAT - 4

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16
Q

how many phases in meiosis?

A

PMAT I + PMAT II - 8

17
Q

which process changes next generation’s genes?

A

meiosis

18
Q

which process includes crossing over + where

A

meiosis - prophase I

19
Q

which process occurs in skin cells?

A

mitosis

20
Q

which process occurs in ovum cells?

A

meiosis

21
Q

which process uses homologous chromosomes?

A

meiosis (I)

22
Q

which process has sister chromatids?

A

both - mitosis + meiosis (II)

23
Q

what is cancer?

A

unregulated cell growth - mutated DNA, forms into a tumor. starts to kill healthy cells.

24
Q

germine mutations

A

hereditary mutations - on gametes (inherited)

25
Q

somatic mutations

A

mutations within body cells - non-inherited, developed within a lifetime

26
Q

cyclins

A

type of protein that control the cell cycle by binding with other molecules such as CDK (cyclin dependent kinases - enzymes)

27
Q

MPF

A

maturation promoting factor - cyclin + CDK complex moves a cell into cell division

28
Q

what send cell signals?

A

enough cyclin-CDK complexes triggers movement into next phase (kind of like measurement for drug-store pregnancy test)

29
Q

tumor-suppressor gene

A
  • inhibits cell divison/mitosis
  • slows down the cell cycle
  • causes cancer when inactivated (cannot suppress tumors -> uncontrolled growth)
  • p53 gene + retinoblastoma gene
29
Q

proto-oncogenes

A
  • codes for proteins that stimulate cell division, hinder cell differentiation, + stop cell death
  • speeds up cell division/mitosis
  • prominent in embryonic development (growing a child in 9 months - speedy mitosis)
30
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated version of proto-oncogene that codes for increased protein creation

causes cancer - targeted by anti-cancer drugs

31
Q

CAR-T cell therapy

A

genetically modifies T-Cells to fight the specific form of cancer found in the patient’s body. This makes the T-cells more efficient - great results recently but the initial spike (body’s response to rapid elimination of cancer cells) can cause complications.

32
Q

benign

A

non-life threatening, capsulated

33
Q

malignant

A

aggressive, non-capsulated, fast spreading

34
Q

angeogenesis

A

blood supply to tumor, getting bigger from nutrition.

35
Q

other cancer treatment

A

kills cancer cells, but healthy cells too.

chemotherapy, radiation, etc.

biology honors (10 decks)

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