Organelles Flashcards
Nucleus
a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.
chromatin
is the general packaging structure of DNA around proteins in eukaryotes, the tightness of the packaging varies depending on cell stage
chromosomes
is tightly condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide
histones
are proteins used to organize DNA. DNA coils around a histone
nucleosomes
Is a group of 8 hstones, DNA organization
Another name for Cytosol?
cytoplasmic matrix
Nucleoid
irregular shaped region within the cell of prokaryote that contains all/most generic material
cytoplasm
Is the area within a cell where organelles reside in cytosol.
Cytosol
cytosol doesn’t include the
stuff suspended within the gel-like substance, it is JUST the gel-like stuff. Think jello vs veggie stew
ribosomes
function is to make proteins. Made of rRNA & protein. Produced inside the nucloleus and moved into the cytoplasm
Nucleolus
a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase
Nucleolus
a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase, holds RNA
Difference between Nucleus and nucleolus?
- The nucleus is the main organelle while the nucleolus is the sub-organelle.
- The nucleus is membrane bound while the nucleolus is non-membrane bound.
- The nucleus contains DNA while the nucleolus contains RNA
ribosomes
function is to make proteins -large subunit makes proteins and small reads RNA. Made of rRNA & protein. Produced inside the nucloleus and moved into the cytoplasm.
rough ER
With ribosomes. Produce proteins.
smooth ER
No ribosomes. Produces lipids and hormones, breaks down toxins in liver cells
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
a smooth ER that is in smooth and striated muscle that stores and releases ions
lysosomes
vesicles produced from Golgi that contain digestive enzymes (low pH for function)
Difference between Nucleus and nucleoid?
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle within the cytoplasm where the genome is housed in a eukaryote. The nucleoid region is just the spot in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell where the genome happens to be hanging out- no membrane
Cisternae
flattened sacs found in the golgi apparatus
Microtubules
Make up spindle fibers. Made of protein tubulin. Provide support for for cellular activities. In flagella and cilia (9+2 array, 9 pairs + 2 singles in center)
Intermediate filaments
Make up keratin. Provide support for maintaining cell shape
Microfilament
Made up of actin. Involved in cell motility such as amoeba pseudopod, cleavage furrow, skeletal muscle.
Microtubules organizing centers (MTOCs)
include centrioles and basal bodies
centrioles
Aids in creation of spindle fibers. Occurs in pairs. Made of microtubules.
basal bodies
an organelle that forms the base of a flagella or cilia
transport vacuoles
move materials between organelles or organelles and the plasma membrane
food vacuoles
temporary receptacles of nutrients; merge with lysosomes which break down food
central vacuoles
large and occupy most space in PLANT cells. Have a special membrane called tonoplast. Exert turger pressure for rigidity when full. Store nutrient and act like a lysosome in animal cells
tonoplast
membrane that binds that central vacuole in PLANT cells
contractile vacuoles
n single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cells (prevent bursting). This is active transport
cell walls
Found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria to provide support. Sometimes a secondary cell wall developes beneath the primary one.
- cellulose in plants
- chitin in fungi
- peptidoglycans in bacteria
- polysaccharides in archea
Cisternae
flattened sacs found in the golgi apparatus
extracellular matrix
Found in animal cells. Is the area between adjacent cells. Provides mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells
plasma membrane
Forms the boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole. Regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm
keratin
A fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc.
cytoskeleton
made of microtubules (flagella and cilia), microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. In Euks, aids in cell division,
cytoskeleton
made of microtubules (flagella and cilia), microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. In Euks, aids in cell division, cell crawling,and movement of cytoplasm
endomembrane system
is the network of organelles and structures, either directly or indirectly connected, that function in the transport of proteins and other macromolecules into or out of the cell. Does NOT include mitochondria or chloroplasts.
What are cell walls made of in plants, fungi, bacteria, and archea?
- cellulose in plants
- chitin in fungi
- peptidoglycans in bacteria
- polysaccharides in archea
What organelles does the endomembrane system include?
plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes. Does NOT mitochondria or chloroplasts
What organelles does the endomembrane system include?
plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes. Does NOT mitochondria or chloroplasts
Cytoplasmic streaming
the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell
Cytoplasmic streaming
the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell
Size of ribosomes
- eukaryote (60S + 40S = 80S)
* prokaryote (50S + 30S = 70S)
Phospholipid membrane permeability
small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules (polar can only if small and uncharged) and hydrophobic molecules can freely pass across the membrane. Everything else requires transporter (large, polar,
charged molecules). Another way of saying impermeable is “resistant to”
