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Organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

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2
Q

chromatin

A

is the general packaging structure of DNA around proteins in eukaryotes, the tightness of the packaging varies depending on cell stage

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

is tightly condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide

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4
Q

histones

A

are proteins used to organize DNA. DNA coils around a histone

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5
Q

nucleosomes

A

Is a group of 8 hstones, DNA organization

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6
Q

Another name for Cytosol?

A

cytoplasmic matrix

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7
Q

Nucleoid

A

irregular shaped region within the cell of prokaryote that contains all/most generic material

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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

Is the area within a cell where organelles reside in cytosol.

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9
Q

Cytosol

A

cytosol doesn’t include the

stuff suspended within the gel-like substance, it is JUST the gel-like stuff. Think jello vs veggie stew

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

function is to make proteins. Made of rRNA & protein. Produced inside the nucloleus and moved into the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase, holds RNA

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13
Q

Difference between Nucleus and nucleolus?

A
  1. The nucleus is the main organelle while the nucleolus is the sub-organelle.
  2. The nucleus is membrane bound while the nucleolus is non-membrane bound.
  3. The nucleus contains DNA while the nucleolus contains RNA
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14
Q

ribosomes

A

function is to make proteins -large subunit makes proteins and small reads RNA. Made of rRNA & protein. Produced inside the nucloleus and moved into the cytoplasm.

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15
Q

rough ER

A

With ribosomes. Produce proteins.

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16
Q

smooth ER

A

No ribosomes. Produces lipids and hormones, breaks down toxins in liver cells

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17
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

a smooth ER that is in smooth and striated muscle that stores and releases ions

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18
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles produced from Golgi that contain digestive enzymes (low pH for function)

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19
Q

Difference between Nucleus and nucleoid?

A

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle within the cytoplasm where the genome is housed in a eukaryote. The nucleoid region is just the spot in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell where the genome happens to be hanging out- no membrane

20
Q

Cisternae

A

flattened sacs found in the golgi apparatus

21
Q

Microtubules

A

Make up spindle fibers. Made of protein tubulin. Provide support for for cellular activities. In flagella and cilia (9+2 array, 9 pairs + 2 singles in center)

22
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Make up keratin. Provide support for maintaining cell shape

23
Q

Microfilament

A

Made up of actin. Involved in cell motility such as amoeba pseudopod, cleavage furrow, skeletal muscle.

24
Q

Microtubules organizing centers (MTOCs)

A

include centrioles and basal bodies

25
Q

centrioles

A

Aids in creation of spindle fibers. Occurs in pairs. Made of microtubules.

26
Q

basal bodies

A

an organelle that forms the base of a flagella or cilia

27
Q

transport vacuoles

A

move materials between organelles or organelles and the plasma membrane

28
Q

food vacuoles

A

temporary receptacles of nutrients; merge with lysosomes which break down food

29
Q

central vacuoles

A

large and occupy most space in PLANT cells. Have a special membrane called tonoplast. Exert turger pressure for rigidity when full. Store nutrient and act like a lysosome in animal cells

30
Q

tonoplast

A

membrane that binds that central vacuole in PLANT cells

31
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

n single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cells (prevent bursting). This is active transport

32
Q

cell walls

A

Found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria to provide support. Sometimes a secondary cell wall developes beneath the primary one.

  • cellulose in plants
  • chitin in fungi
  • peptidoglycans in bacteria
  • polysaccharides in archea
33
Q

Cisternae

A

flattened sacs found in the golgi apparatus

34
Q

extracellular matrix

A

Found in animal cells. Is the area between adjacent cells. Provides mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells

35
Q

plasma membrane

A

Forms the boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole. Regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

36
Q

keratin

A

A fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc.

37
Q

cytoskeleton

A

made of microtubules (flagella and cilia), microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. In Euks, aids in cell division,

38
Q

cytoskeleton

A

made of microtubules (flagella and cilia), microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. In Euks, aids in cell division, cell crawling,and movement of cytoplasm

39
Q

endomembrane system

A

is the network of organelles and structures, either directly or indirectly connected, that function in the transport of proteins and other macromolecules into or out of the cell. Does NOT include mitochondria or chloroplasts.

40
Q

What are cell walls made of in plants, fungi, bacteria, and archea?

A
  • cellulose in plants
  • chitin in fungi
  • peptidoglycans in bacteria
  • polysaccharides in archea
41
Q

What organelles does the endomembrane system include?

A

plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes. Does NOT mitochondria or chloroplasts

42
Q

What organelles does the endomembrane system include?

A

plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes. Does NOT mitochondria or chloroplasts

43
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell

44
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell

45
Q

Size of ribosomes

A
  • eukaryote (60S + 40S = 80S)

* prokaryote (50S + 30S = 70S)

46
Q

Phospholipid membrane permeability

A

small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules (polar can only if small and uncharged) and hydrophobic molecules can freely pass across the membrane. Everything else requires transporter (large, polar,
charged molecules). Another way of saying impermeable is “resistant to”

dat biology (17 decks)

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