Organ Systems

Question 1

layered organ

Answer 1

consists of different tissue types

Question 2

hollow organs

Answer 2

a central lumen, surrounded by concentric layers of epithelial tissue (tunica intima), smooth muscle (tunica media), and dense connective tissue (tunica adventitia).

More complex hollow organs, such as the appendix or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, follow a similar organization, but typically have several alternating layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue between the epithelial lining adjacent to the lumen on the one side, and the outer connective tissue layers on the other side.

Question 3

mesothelium

Answer 3

The outer surfaces of most gastrointestinal organs are covered by a specialized type of epithelium called mesothelium, which here is part of the peritoneal sac, which creates a slippery surface that reduces friction and allows adjacent organs to move freely past one another.

Question 4

Solid organs

Answer 4

Solid organs, such as the liver, consist of an outer layer of connective tissue, the capsule, a disseminated connective tissue infrastructure, the stroma, and the active epithelial cells specific to that organ and its function, the parenchyma.

Question 5

integumentary system

Answer 5

Question 6

If an X-ray cannot penetrate through a dense tissue, such as bone, then it will appear on a radiograph as. . .

Answer 6

white

Question 7

plain film radiograph

Answer 7

X-ray

a projection with all structures lying between the source of the linear beam and the detector superimposed. It is difficult to assess the location of objects relative to adjacent structures using a single image. Thus additional images of the tissues, commonly taken at 60-90-degree angles from the first projection, are usually obtained.

Question 8

Computed Tomography

Answer 8

“CT” Scan

Utilizes energy similar to that of X-ray, but is capable of creating a section of the tissues. The image can be obtained commonly using the sagittal, coronal and axial (transverse and horizontal) planes to create a 2-dimensional, 360-degree image of the tissues. Each section (like a stack or row of coins) can be viewed in sequence to create a multidimensional view of the internal structures and their orientation relative to adjacent tissues. The data can then be used to create computer generated a three-dimensional reconstruction of the scanned region.

Question 9

The dermis consists of. . .

Answer 9

Tough, dense connective tissue

Question 10

skin cross-section

Answer 10

Question 11

veins and arteries

Answer 11

Note the thicker middle layer and outer layer of the arterial wall.

Question 12

appendix section

Answer 12

Question 13

Contraction of which muscles produces gut peristalsis?

Answer 13

The muscularis externa

Question 14

Liver tissue diagram

Answer 14

Note the constant access of hepatocytes to 1) a source of blood, and 2) a drainage duct.

Question 15

Eight organ systems

Answer 15

Question 16

Digestive enzymes are produced and secreted into the GI tract by. . .

Answer 16

The salivary glands, stomach, liver, and pancreas.

Question 17

Components of urogenital system

Answer 17

Question 18

Lymph vascular system

Answer 18

Part of the circulatory system

Question 19

Endocrine system

Answer 19

Question 20

Breathing requires action from which muscles

Answer 20

Diaphragm and thoracic wall muscles

Question 21

Fibrous pericardium

Answer 21

Dense connective tissue that extends up from the diaphragm on the anterior side and surrounds the pericardial sac and heart.

Question 22

Bronchi

Answer 22

Right and Left arms of the airway that deliver air to the lungs.

Question 23

Abdominal muscles and bones

Answer 23

Question 24

Greater omentum

Answer 24

Apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach.

The anterior section attaches to the stomach.

The posterior section attaches to the transverse colon.

Question 25

Haustra

Answer 25

"Lobes" or "lumps" of the colon

Question 26

Taenia

Answer 26

Stripes of smooth muscle on the colon

Question 27

Braash-Cattell Maneuver

Answer 27

Also known as the "Right medial visceral rotation." Enables access to the **right retroperitoneum** without disrupting blood supplies. Take the right fusion plane lateral to the ascending colon and swing it over and to the body's left.

Question 28

Mattox Maneuver

Answer 28

Mirror of the Braash-Cattell Maneuver. Provides access to the **left retroperitoneal sac**.

Question 29

Retroperitoneum Diagram

Answer 29

Question 30

Skin section

Answer 30

Question 31

The dermis is formed by interlacing layers of ___ and ___ fibers.

Answer 31

The dermis is formed by interlacing layers of **collagen** and **elastin** fibers.

Question 32

Arrector muscles

Answer 32

Another name for pilomotor muscles of the skin.

Question 33

intermuscular septa

Answer 33

Deep fascia that separates muscle groups

Question 34

axial skeleton

Answer 34

consists of the bones of the head ( cranium or skull), neck (cervical vertebrae), and trunk (1ibs, sternum, vmt ebrae, and sacrum).

Question 35

appendicular skeleton

Answer 35

consists of ilie bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.

Question 36

Cartilage

Answer 36

A resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary. The articulating surfaces of bones participating in a synovial joint are capped with **articular cartilage**, which provides smooth, low-friction gliding surfaces for free movement of the articulating bones. Avascular and therefore obtains nutrients by diffusion.

Question 37

Medullary Cavity

Answer 37

Hollow region of bone surrounded by spongy or compact bone. Contains the marrow.

Question 38

Cancellous bone

Answer 38

Another name for spongy bone

Question 39

Very dense substances are ____ in radiography, while very penetrable substances are \_\_\_\_.

Answer 39

Very dense substances are **radiopaque** in radiography, while very penetrable substances are **radiolucent**.

Question 40

Anteroposterior View

Answer 40

The view that all radiographs are displayed as, regardless of whether they are taken **antero-posterior** (A-\>P) or **postero-anterior** (P-\>A). This view is what you would see if the patient were standing directly in front of you, facing you.

Question 41

For lateral views of radiographs, . . .

Answer 41

Radiopaque letters (R or L) are used to indicate the side placed closest to the film or detector, and the image is **viewed from the same direction that the beam was projected**.

Question 42

Contrast media

Answer 42

Radiopaque fluids, such as **iodine compounds** or **barium**, that allow the study of various luminal or vascular organs and potential or actual spaces-such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, kidneys, synovial cavities, and tl1e subarachnoid space-that are not visible in plain films.

Question 43

Most radiological examinations are performed in at least two projections at ____ angles to each other.

Answer 43

Most radiological examinations are performed in at least two projections at **right** angles to each other.

Question 44

CT methodology

Answer 44

CT shows linages of the body that resemble transverse anatomical sections. A beam of X-rays is passed through the body as the X-ray tube and detector rotate around the axis of the body. The a111ount of radiation absorbed by each different type of tissue of the chosen body plane varies with the amount of fat, bone, and water in each element. A computer compiles and generates images as 2-D slices and total 3-D reconstructions.

Question 45

Conventional chest X-ray

Answer 45

Question 46

Axial images are viewed as if we are standing. . .

Answer 46

at the **FEET** of the **supine** patient.

Question 47

Methods of imaging involving ionizing radiation

Answer 47

Question 48

Methods of imaging **NOT** involving ionizing radiation

Answer 48

MRI Ultrasound

Question 49

"Attenuation" of X-ray beam

Answer 49

Blocking

Question 50

What does the attenuated space on the patient's bottom left side, below the left lung, represent?

Answer 50

The gastric bubble

Question 51

Patient presents with shortness of breath and intense pain in the left thorax. You send them to radiography for a chest X-ray and get this radiograph back. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 51

Pneumothorax. The left lung has collapsed and the pleural sac is filled with air. Note the absence of apparent blood vessels where they should be on the left side.