Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Four Primary Types of Tissue
A
Nerve
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective
2
Q
5 Types of Nerve Fiber
A
Somatic Motor
Visceral Motor
Somatic Sensory
Visceral Sensory
Special Sensory
3
Q
3 Types of Muscle
A
Cardiac (striated, involuntary)
Skeletal (striated, voluntary)
Smooth (non-striated, involuntary)
4
Q
Epithelial tissue may. . .
A
1 be parenchymal
2 cover body surfaces
3 line hollow organs
4 line body cavities
5 line ducts
5
Q
Parenchyma
A
Functional part of an organ in the body
6
Q
Roles of connective tissue
A
- Supports and binds
- Compartmentalizes
- Insulates and Protects
- Stores minerals and energy
- Transports (ex, oxygen)
- Host Defense
7
Q
In anatomy, arm =
A
brachium
8
Q
In anatomy, leg =
A
crus
9
Q
Standard Anatomical Position
A
10
Q
Supine
A
11
Q
Prone
A
12
Q
Anatomical Views
A
13
Q
Superficial vs Deep
A
14
Q
Superior vs Inferior
A
15
Q
Medial vs Lateral
A
16
Q
Proximal vs Distal
A
17
Q
Central body regions
A
18
Q
Trunk
A
19
Q
Upper limb regions
A
20
Q
Lower Limb Regions
A
21
Q
Coronal vs Sagittal vs Axial
A
22
Q
HEMATOXYLIN
A
binds to acidic cell components and stains them purple. Acidic cell components include DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, and mucus.
23
Q
EOSIN
A
binds to basic cell components and stains them red or pink. Basic cell comp‐ onents include proteins such as muscle filaments, intracellular membranes, and collagen.
24
Q
A
Liver tissue
(Hepatocytes, reticular fibers)
25
Loose connective tissue
| (adipocytes and fibrocytes)
26
Epidermal tissue/skin
27
Connective Tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE forms a diverse group of tissues with structural and support functions. The mechanical properties of particular connective tissues are determined by the composition of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) surrounding, and secreted by, the connective tissue cells
28
Dense connective tissue
29
Deep fascia
Surrounds, supports, and organizes muscle groups. Made of dense connective tissue (elastin and collagen-rich).
30
Epithelial tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE forms continuous sheets COVERING OR LINING THE INNER AND OUTER SURFACES OF THE BODY. Epithelium covers the outer surface of the body as epidermis (A), and lines the inner surfaces of all glands (B), hollow organs, and blood vessels. Epithelium also forms the closed pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal sacs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Specialized epithelial cells also SECRETE ENZYMES, HORMONES, MUCUS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES. All epithelial tissue is avascular. A layer of connective tissue underlies all epithelial surfaces and provides pathways for oxygen and nutrient delivery to epithelial cells by diffusion
31
Muscle Tissue
Contraction of cells in MUSCLE TISSUE generates force. Muscle contraction is accomplished through the interaction of the contractile filaments actin and myosin within the muscle cell cytoplasm. The striations of the contractile apparatus are conspicuous in skeletal muscle cells (A) and cardiac muscle cells, but a contractile apparatus is also found in smooth muscle cells (B). Connective tissue surrounds muscle cells and tissues at every level of organization from cell to muscle group.
32
Nervous Tissue
NERVOUS TISSUE consists of neurons, the excitable cells specialized for conducting and transmitting electrical and chemical signals. Neurons consist of nerve cell bodies (large cells in A) and nerve cell processes (B) that extend outward from the nerve cell body to communicate with muscles, glands, or other neurons. Neuroglial cells surround and support neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous system. Connective tissue surrounds nerves and neuroglial cells at every level of organization from nerve fiber to central nervous system.
33
Anatomical territories of limbs
34
Superficial Layers
The SUPERFICIAL LAYERS function as a protective barrier against mechanical insult, invasion by pathogens, and fluid and heat loss. The superficial layers consist of skin, an underlying insulating layer of subcutaneous fat, the cutaneous nerves and vessels supplying the superficial layers, and large superficial veins with no arterial counterparts.
35
Musculoskeletal Core
The function of the MUSCULOSKELETAL CORE is motion. The musculoskeletal core consists of bones, joints, muscles, the deep fascia organizing the muscles into functional groups (compartments), and the deep nerves and blood vessels supplying each compartment.
36
Components of superficial layers and musculoskeletal core
37
Superficial veins in the arms are a counterexample to the rule that. . .
veins are always accompanied by arteries.
This makes them useful clinically as safe venous blood draw or line insertion points.
38
Neurovascular bundle
Consists of a nerve fiber, vein, and artery.
39
Anterior vs Posterior Arm Muscle Contractions
Contraction of the **anterior** muscles produces arm **flexion**,
contraction of the **posterior** muscles produces arm **extension**.
40
Anatomical territories of the thorax and abdomen
41
Musculoskeletal Wall
The MUSCULOSKELETAL WALLS of the thorax enclose the thoracic cavity. The musculoskeletal walls of the abdomen enclose the abdominal cavity. The musculoskeletal walls consist of bones, joints, and muscles, surrounded by deep fascia, and supplied by deep nerves and blood vessels. Contraction of the musculoskeletal walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities changes the dimensions, and internal pressures, of the cavities.
42
Central cavities and contents of thorax
The central CAVITIES AND CONTENTS of the thorax consists of the thoracic cavity, the thoracic organs, closed membranous sacs enfolding the heart and lungs, nerves and blood vessels, and visceral fat filling the spaces between structures.
43
Organization of the thorax
44
Superficial veins of the abdomen are typically ____ compared to those of the limbs.
Superficial veins of the abdomen are typically **small** compared to those of the limbs.
Enlargement of these veins may be a sign of disease.
45
Mediastinum
Space between the two pleural sacs.
Includes the heart, pericardial sac, esophagus, aorta, and vena cava.
46
Central cavity and contents of abdomen
The central CAVITY AND CONTENTS of the abdomen consist of the abdominal cavity, the abdominal organs, one closed membranous sac enfolding the gastrointestinal tract and spleen, nerves and blood vessels, and visceral fat filling the spaces between structures
47
In the abdomen, the only bones of the musculoskeletal wall are. . .
vertebrae
No ribs!!!
48
Contraction of the abdominal wall muscles. . .
increases intraabdominal pressure.
This facilitates:
**parturition** (birthing)
**defacation**
**urination**
49
Three sacs of the trunk
The **pericardial** sac is in the **thorax** and cushions the **heart.**
The **pleural sac** is in the **thorax** and cushions the **lungs**.
The **peritoneal sac** is in the **abdomen** and cushions the **gastrointestinal tract and spleen.**
50
Retroperitoneum
Region of the abdominal cavity **posterior to the peritoneal sac**.
Includes the **aorta, inferior vena cava, kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands**, all nestled within retroperitoneal fat.
51
Organization of the abdomen
52
Ipsilateral vs Contralateral
