Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Flexion vs Extension

Answer 1

Question 2

Opposing muscle groups are often

Answer 2

paired

Question 3

“Agonist muscles”

Answer 3

In reference to a specific movement, the agonist muscles are the muscles that contract in order to produce the movement.

The opposing muscle group would be the antagonist muscles

Question 4

Brachium muscle groups

Answer 4

Question 5

Antebrachium muscle groups

Answer 5

Question 6

Thigh muscle groups

Answer 6

Question 7

Crus muscle groups

Answer 7

Question 8

Any muscle used to hold onto a tree is a. . .

Answer 8

Question 9

Any muscle used to let go of a tree is a. . .

Answer 9

Question 10

Bone congruence at a joint

Answer 10

the degree to which bone surfaces are in reciprocal contact

Question 11

motions permitted at a synovial joint

Answer 11

determined by the shapes of the bones and bone articular cartilages, and by the ligaments, tendons, capsule and other structures limiting motion at the joint.

Question 12

FIBROUS DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE forms

Answer 12

the fibrous capsules surrounding joints, the ligaments restricting unwanted motion at joints, and the muscle tendons crossing the joints.

Question 13

Plates of HYALINE CARTILAGE

Answer 13

cap the articular ends of bones at joints, improving bone congruence and acting as resilient cushions for compressive stresses on joints. Some joints include fibrocartilaginous discs or menisci.

Question 14

FIBROUS DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE in ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules

Answer 14

Consists of fibrocytes and the closely packed Type I collagen fibers secreted by fibroblasts, the active form of fibrocytes. Fibrocytes are sparse in tendons and ligaments. The collagen fibers in ligaments and tendons resist tensile and bending stresses, and the fibers are typically oriented in the direction of the prevailing tensile stress

Question 15

Ligaments, joint capsules, and tendons repair. . .

Answer 15

Slowly.

Bone is the most vascular of the structural connective tissues and has the greatest capacity for remodeling and repair.

Question 16

PERICHONDRIUM

Answer 16

Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by a PERICHONDRIUM consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer.

Cartilage growth begins at the perichondrium. CHONDROBLASTS synthesize the collagen fibers and glycosaminoglycans forming the resilient extracellular matrix. As they synthesize extracellular matrix, the chondroblasts move inward, occupying small lacunae, and eventually becoming trapped as inactive CHONDROCYTES. Cartilage is avascular, and oxygen and nutrients from the perichondrium diffuse inward through the extracellular matrix to reach chondroblasts and chondrocytes. Cartilage has very limited repair capacity and typically heals poorly.

Question 17

Cartilaginous Joints vs Fibrous Joints

Answer 17

Question 18

Intervertebral disks

Answer 18

Question 19

Synovial Joints

Answer 19

Features of ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS include a joint cavity, hyaline articular cartilage capping bone ends, synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid, outer fibrous capsule, and internal or external ligaments stabilizing the joint. Features of SOME SYNOVIAL JOINTS include intraarticular discs or menisci.

Question 20

Synovial Joint cartoon

Answer 20

Question 21

Upper Limb Synovial Joints

Answer 21

Question 22

Lower Limb Synovial Joints

Answer 22

Question 23

Types of synovial joint

Answer 23

Question 24

Types of motion across syovial joint

Answer 24

Question 25

Spinal synovial facet joints

Answer 25

Question 26

costal cartilages

Answer 26

EXPANSION OF THE CHEST WALL occurs as the costal cartilages stretch and the surfaces of the synovial plane joints between ribs and vertebrae glide across one another.

Question 27

Turning of the head

Answer 27

Question 28

Difference between the upper limb-trunk and lower limb-trunk joints

Answer 28

Question 29

Sternoclavical Joint Motions

Answer 29

Question 30

Sacroiliac joint motions

Answer 30

Question 31

Shoulder joint motions

Answer 31

Question 32

Hip joint motions

Answer 32

Question 33

Proximal and Distal radioulnar joint motions

Answer 33

Question 34

Wrist Joint motions

Answer 34

Question 35

Ankle Joint motions

Answer 35

Question 36

Subtalar and Intertarsal Joint Motions

Answer 36

Question 37

Inversion

Answer 37

combines adduction and medial rotation.

Question 38

Eversion

Answer 38

combines abduction and lateral rotation.

Question 39

Dorsiflexion

Answer 39

Occurs when the dorsal (superior) surface moves upward

Question 40

Plantarflexion

Answer 40

Occurs when the plantar (inferior) surface moves downward

Question 41

Flexion

Answer 41

occurs when the angle between the bones meeting at a joint decreases (becomes more acute).

Question 42

Extension

Answer 42

occurs when the angle between the bones meeting at a joint increases (becomes more obtuse).

Question 43

Pronation (internal rotation)

Answer 43

occurs when a limb or limb segment rotates around its longitudinal axis toward the midline

Question 44

Supination (external rotation)

Answer 44

occurs when a limb or limb segment rotates around its longitudinal axis away from the midline.

Question 45

Abduction

Answer 45

occurs when a limb moves away from the body midline.

Question 46

Adduction

Answer 46

occurs when a limb moves toward the body midline.

Question 47

Answer 47

Question 48

Contractile apparatus of muscle

Answer 48

Question 49

Muscle wrapping

Answer 49

A delicate loose connective tissue **endomysium** surrounds individual skeletal muscle fibers. A loose connective tissue **perimysium** surrounds **muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle cells)**. A dense connective tissue **epimysium** surrounds the entire skeletal muscle. Sheets of dense connective tissue **deep fascia** surround functional skeletal muscle groups and fuse with the epimysium surrounding individual muscles.

Question 50

Range of Contraction

Answer 50

Question 51

Force of contraction

Answer 51

Question 52

Deep Fascia Inscriptions

Answer 52

Question 53

Pennate muscles

Answer 53

Question 54

Fusiform Muscle

Answer 54

Question 55

APONEUROSES

Answer 55

Dense connective tissue **APONEUROSES** are broad flat attachments between muscle fibers and bones or other structures.

Question 56

Nerve supplying muscles in the anterior brachial compartment

Answer 56

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 57

Nerve supplying muscles in the posterior brachial compartment

Answer 57

radial nerve

Question 58

BASIC ACTION OF A MUSCLE

Answer 58

Ask yourself: Which compartment? Which joint? What motions are possible at that joint surface?

Question 59

ANTERIOR BRACHIAL COMPARTMENT motion

Answer 59

shoulder flexion and/or elbow flexion

Question 60

POSTERIOR BRACHIAL COMPARTMENT motion

Answer 60

elbow extension

Question 61

ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL COMPARTMENT motion

Answer 61

wrist and digital flexion and forearm pronation

Question 62

POSTERIOR ANTE‐ BRACHIAL COMPARTMENT motion

Answer 62

wrist and digital extension and forearm supination

Question 63

Nerve supplying muscles in the anterior antebrachial compartment

Answer 63

median and ulnar nerves

Question 64

Nerve supplying muscles in the posterior antebrachial compartment

Answer 64

radial nerve

Question 65

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH motion

Answer 65

hip flexion and knee extension

Question 66

POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH motion

Answer 66

hip extension and knee flexion

Question 67

MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH motion

Answer 67

hip adduction

Question 68

Nerve supplying the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 68

femoral nerve

Question 69

Nerve supplying the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 69

tibial nerve

Question 70

Nerve supplying the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 70

obturator nerve

Question 71

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE CRUS motion

Answer 71

ankle dorsiflexion, digital extension, and foot inversion and eversion of the intertarsal joints

Question 72

POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE CRUS motion

Answer 72

knee flexion, plantarflexion, digital flexion, and foot inversion

Question 73

LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE CRUS motion

Answer 73

foot elevation

Question 74

Nerve supplying the anterior compartment of the crus

Answer 74

fibular nerve

Question 75

Nerve supplying the lateral compartment of the crus

Answer 75

fibular nerve

Question 76

Nerve supplying the posterior compartment of the crus

Answer 76

tibial nerve

Question 77

primary bones of haematopoiesis

Answer 77

Major limb bones and pelvis

Question 78

By convention, muscle origins are typically the sides toward the

Answer 78

midline

Question 79

Functional position

Answer 79

The natural rest between the agonist and antagonist muscles.

Question 80

In general, vessels traverse the flexor surfaces. Why?

Answer 80

In order to avoid being streched and potentially ruptured by the extensor surfaces.